botany

Chloroplasts and mitochondria divide through a process called __________.

binary fission

Carbohydrates contain ____________.

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Cellulose and starch are both _____________.

polymers of glucose

Starch is synthesized in the ____________.

stroma

Sucrose is synthesized in the ____________.

cytoplasm

Cellulose is __________.

a cell wall polysaccharide

Hemicellulose and pectin are synthesized ______________.

in the Golgi

Cell wall proteins are synthesized __________________.

By ribosomes at the endoplasmic reticulum

Connections between plant cells are called _______.

Plasmodesmata

Microtubules and actin microfibers are_________.

Proteins

The primary meristem that forms the pith and cortex is called_______.

ground meristem

When DNA synthesis is not followed by mitosis the DNA copy number of cell increases, this process is called______.

endoreduplication

Secondary xylem is produced by the

vascular cambium

in C4 plants primary carboxylation occurs in the mesophyll using the enzyme_____.

PEP carboxylase

In C4 plants with Kranz anatomy, such as sugarcane, the Calvin cycle (C3 reaction) occur in the _______.

bundle sheath

How many carbons does Ribulose 1,5 \n \n bisphosphate have?

5

In the chloroplast, electrons that enter the electron transport chain are derived from ____________.

Water

Photorespiration _________.

occurs more frequently in C3 plants at warm temperatures

In the phloem, the positive pressure that drives movement of phloem sap in sieve elements is generated \n by _________________.

transport of sucrose into sieve elements

Wood is primarily ________________.

secondary xylem

Cells with secondary cell walls that are dead at maturity are called:

schlerenchyma

Trichomes are a type of ________________.

epidermal cell

The light reactions occur in the \n __________.

thylakoid membrane

In C4 photosynthesis, the substrate for primary carboxylation is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What is \n the substrate for carboxylation for C3 photosynthesis?

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced from ____________.

water

\n Net venation is a trait of:

Eudicot leaves

\n In the mitochondria, ATP is produced __________________.

in the matrix

Plants that have separate male and female individuals are called ________________.

dioecious

Evaporation of water from leaves through stomatal pores is called ___________________.

transpiration

Products of the photosynthetic light reactions that are used in the carbon reactions are _________.

ATP and NADPH

CAM plants ____________.

reduce water loss by closing stomata during the day

Leaves with different shapes on the same plants is called ____________.

\n heterophylly

In roots, root hairs are produced in the ____________.

zone of maturation

In roots, the following cell layer forms a barrier for apoplastic transport from the soil solution to the \n xylem: the____________.

endodermis

Negative pressure in the xylem is generated by ________________.

transpiration

In a woody stem, tissues are found in the following order from outside to inside:

phellem, cork cambium, phelloderm, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, secondary xylem

In Photosystem II, water is split, one product is _________.

oxygen

The direction of water transport across biological membrane \n is controlled by ______________.

\n the water potential

In a woody stem, the secondary meristems are ___________________.

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Cells that conduct radially in wood are called:

Rays

The light reactions of photosynthesis drive acidification of the _________________:

thylakoid lumen

This is the first reaction of the photosynthetic light reactions: 2H2O -> 4e- + 4H+ + O2 In this reaction \n ________________.

\n Water is oxidized

\n The enzyme that makes NADPH in chloroplasts is Ferredoxin NADP+ reductase. In this reaction

Ferredoxin gets oxidized

When rubisco acts as a carboxylase, the first stable product is ______________.

a three-carbon compound

In roots, a Casparian strip is found on the ______________.

endodermis

Guttation is caused by ___________________.

positive pressure in the xylem

Plants and animals require oxygen for efficient respiration. That is because oxygen serves as the \n _________________.

terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

The products of fermentation are ethanol, CO2 and ____________.

NAD+

The TCA cycle (also called the Krebs or citric acid cycle) produces _________________.

NADH, FADH2, and CO2

The main job of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is to produce _________________.

ATP

Maize (corn) was domesticated in __________________.

Mexico

Nutrients that are anions, such as phosphate (HPO42-) and sulfate (SO43-), are taken up into plant cells \n mainly by transmembrane proteins that are __________________________.

H+-coupled symporters

Two plant nutrients, ________________________, are required in large amounts because they are \n components of amino acids. When there is not enough of either of them, the deficiency symptoms are \n general chlorosis.

nitrogen and sulfur

Stunted plants with anthocyanin accumulation in older leaves indicates a deficiency in:

phosphorus

Gravitropism is a growth response to a directional signal (gravity) and involves the hormone \n ___________.

auxin

The red light photoreceptor that is photoconvertible between two forms, Pr and Pfr, is \n ______________________.

phytochrome

The drawing on the right represents the early plant embryo, just after the first \n division of the ____________________.

zygote

Seedlings that are grown in the dark become etiolated. But when they are exposed to red light they go \n through photomorphogenesis and become deetiolated. The light receptor responsible is \n _____________.

phytochrome

Two blue light photoreceptors in plants are:

phototropin and cryptochrome

Phototropism is induced by ___________________.

blue light

When an oat coleoptile is exposed to blue light from one side, the hormone ________________ \n accumulates on the opposite side of the coleoptile and promotes cell elongation. That makes the coleoptile \n grow towards the light.

auxin

The hormone that keeps seeds dormant is _______________.

abscisic acid

Inhibition of lateral buds by the shoot apical meristem is called apical dominance. The hormone that is \n responsible for apical dominance is:

auxin

In barley seed germination, amylase is secreted into the starchy endosperm to degrade the starch and \n release glucose. Amylase is made by the _______________.

aleurone

One of these hormones is a gas, which one?

ethylene

A hormone that is synthesized in response to drought conditions and causes stomatal pores to close is \n _________________.

abscisic acid

Which hormone causes the triple response?

ethylene

The part of the gene that contains the protein coding sequence is:

exon

Which hormone causes ripening of climacteric fruit?

ethylene

The process of generating an RNA copy of the open reading frame of a gene is called ____________.

transcription

A plant has a genotype GGYYtt. How many different genotypes will be represented in the gametes of \n this individual?

1

You cross two plants with genotypes GGyy and ggYY and check the genotype of the progeny. How \n many different genotypes are found in the progeny?

1

Euglena, slime molds, and amoebas are _________________.

protists

Organisms that use phycobiliproteins in their light harvesting complex and store fixed carbon as \n floridean starch are ________________.

red algae

Algae found in the oceans that have a cell wall composed of silica are ______________. Incidently, \n these algae account for 20-50% of the oxygen produced on the planet.

diatoms

A symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete and either a green algae or a cyanobacteria is called a \n ______________.

lichens

The fungi that form endomycorrhizal symbiotic interactions with plants are in the:

Glomeromycota

In bryophytes, the dominant generation is the __________________.

gametophyte

In bryophytes, spores are produced by the:

sporophyte

In bryophytes, sperm is produced in the _____________.

antheridium

Liverwort asexual reproduction occurs in the ______________.

gemmae cup

In liverworts, the sporophyte hangs under the _____________.

archegoniophore

In mosses, fertilization takes place inside the _____________.

archegonium

Mosses do not have true vascular tissue but they have specialized cells called _____________________ \n that function similarly to xylem and phloem.

hydroids and leptoids

In mosses, meiosis takes place inside the _____________.

sporangium

In mosses, spores are released and grow into _____________.

gametophytes

Bryophytes represent the earliest land plants. Two of the advances that evolved with the bryophytes that \n allow then to grow on land are _________________.

the cuticle and stomatal pores

The word “gymnosperm” means

naked seed

In gymnosperm seeds, the stored food for the embryo is female gametophyte tissue. In \n angiosperms food for the embryo is:

endosperm

In gymnosperms the male gametophyte, surrounded by the spore wall is the:

pollen

Dioecious means that:

. there are separate male and female sporophytes

The word “angiosperm” means

\n seed within a vessel

If a plant has tricolpate pollen, it is a:

. eudicot

Glumes, lemma and palea are all flower parts from ____________________ .

monocots

In angiosperms, just prior to fertilization, the pollen tube cell fuses with and disrupts \n ________________.

a synergid

In angiosperms the megasporocyte is a special cell of the sporophyte that undergoes meiosis to \n produce the:

megaspore

In angiosperms, double fertilization involves fusion of sperm cells with both: \n

\n the egg cell and the central cell

In angiosperms, within the anther, microsporocytes \n undergo meiosis to produce microspores. The \n microspores develop into:

the pollen

In angiosperms, pollination occurs when the pollen lands on the stigma. The pollen geminates \n and the pollen tube grows into the style tissue towards the ovules. The pollen tube is attracted to \n the egg sac by peptides released by:

synergids

In angiosperms, the megaspore develops into the egg sac or embryo sac which is also known \n as the:

female gametophyte