FULL PSY221 Social Psychology Cumulative

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.

Fundamental Axioms

Basic principles that guide social psychology research, such as the need for social connections and the influence of social norms.

Motivational Principles

Factors that drive individuals to seek social bonds, such as the need for affiliation and a sense of belonging.

Processing Principles

Cognitive biases and processes that influence social perception, such as confirmation bias and the accessibility of information.

Observational Measurement Technique

Studying behavior and non-verbal cues in a group setting to understand implicit communication.

Self-Report Measurement Technique

Surveying individuals about their attitudes towards a social issue.

Performance Measures

Analyzing the success rates of group tasks as a performance measure.

Correlational Studies

Investigating the relationship between variables, such as self-esteem and academic achievement.

Experimental Methods

Conducting controlled experiments to test causal relationships, such as the impact of group size on conformity.

Individualistic Culture

A culture that emphasizes individual goals, independence, and personal achievement, such as the United States.

Collectivistic Culture

A culture that emphasizes group goals, interdependence, and harmony, such as Japan.

Superficial Processing

Quickly judging someone based on their appearance or other superficial characteristics.

Systematic Processing

Thoughtful consideration of a person's character and other relevant information.

Impression Formation

The process of forming judgments and impressions about others.

Salience, Associations, and Accessibility

Factors that influence impression formation, such as the salience of certain traits, associations with positive or negative contexts, and the accessibility of information.

Causal Attributions

The explanations individuals make for the causes of behavior, such as attributing success to effort or failure to external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal traits rather than considering situational factors.

Primacy/Recency Effects

The tendency to remember the first or last impression of a person more strongly than subsequent interactions.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to notice and remember information that confirms existing beliefs.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When expectations about a person's behavior lead to actions that cause the person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.

"Bloomers" Study

A study that demonstrated how teachers' expectations influenced students' academic performance.

Impressions of Ourselves

How we perceive and form impressions of ourselves.

Social Comparison

Comparing our performance or abilities to others in order to evaluate ourselves.

Self-Perception Theory

Inferring our attitudes and beliefs by observing our own behavior.

Looking Glass Self

Perceiving ourselves based on how we believe others view us.

Social Comparison Theory

The theory that we evaluate ourselves by comparing ourselves to others.

Components of Emotions

The physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and subjective experience that make up emotions.

Ideal Self

The person we aspire to be and the goals we strive for.

Ought Self

The person we believe we should be based on external expectations and obligations.

Regulatory Focus Theory

The theory that individuals have either a promotion-focused or prevention-focused strategy for goal pursuit.

Self-Affirmations

Techniques that affirm one's values and strengths to enhance self-esteem.

Attitude

A learned evaluation or belief about an object, person, or idea.

Explicit Attitudes

Attitudes that are consciously held and publicly expressed.

Implicit Attitudes

Unconscious biases or attitudes that are revealed through reaction time in tests like the Implicit Association Test.

Conditioning

Associating a product or idea with positive emotions or experiences in order to influence attitudes.

Attractiveness, Familiarity, and Expertise

Factors that can influence persuasion, such as using attractive or familiar individuals as endorsers or relying on experts for credibility.

Cultural Differences in Advertising

Tailoring advertising messages to fit the cultural values and norms of different societies.

Mood and Emotions in Persuasion

How positive or negative mood can influence the persuasiveness of a message.

Resistance to Persuasion

Strategies individuals use to counterargue against persuasive messages and maintain their existing beliefs.

Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort or tension that arises when there is a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior.

Insufficient Justification Effect

Finding a task more enjoyable after receiving a smaller reward than expected.

Effort Justification Effect

Valuing a challenging project more after investing significant effort.

Post-Decisional Regret Effect

Feeling regret after choosing one option over another.

Hypocrisy Effect

Promoting a behavior or value while engaging in contradictory actions.

Self-Perception Theory

Inferring