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Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.
Fundamental Axioms
Basic principles that guide social psychology research, such as the need for social connections and the influence of social norms.
Motivational Principles
Factors that drive individuals to seek social bonds, such as the need for affiliation and a sense of belonging.
Processing Principles
Cognitive biases and processes that influence social perception, such as confirmation bias and the accessibility of information.
Observational Measurement Technique
Studying behavior and non-verbal cues in a group setting to understand implicit communication.
Self-Report Measurement Technique
Surveying individuals about their attitudes towards a social issue.
Performance Measures
Analyzing the success rates of group tasks as a performance measure.
Correlational Studies
Investigating the relationship between variables, such as self-esteem and academic achievement.
Experimental Methods
Conducting controlled experiments to test causal relationships, such as the impact of group size on conformity.
Individualistic Culture
A culture that emphasizes individual goals, independence, and personal achievement, such as the United States.
Collectivistic Culture
A culture that emphasizes group goals, interdependence, and harmony, such as Japan.
Superficial Processing
Quickly judging someone based on their appearance or other superficial characteristics.
Systematic Processing
Thoughtful consideration of a person's character and other relevant information.
Impression Formation
The process of forming judgments and impressions about others.
Salience, Associations, and Accessibility
Factors that influence impression formation, such as the salience of certain traits, associations with positive or negative contexts, and the accessibility of information.
Causal Attributions
The explanations individuals make for the causes of behavior, such as attributing success to effort or failure to external factors.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal traits rather than considering situational factors.
Primacy/Recency Effects
The tendency to remember the first or last impression of a person more strongly than subsequent interactions.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to notice and remember information that confirms existing beliefs.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When expectations about a person's behavior lead to actions that cause the person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
"Bloomers" Study
A study that demonstrated how teachers' expectations influenced students' academic performance.
Impressions of Ourselves
How we perceive and form impressions of ourselves.
Social Comparison
Comparing our performance or abilities to others in order to evaluate ourselves.
Self-Perception Theory
Inferring our attitudes and beliefs by observing our own behavior.
Looking Glass Self
Perceiving ourselves based on how we believe others view us.
Social Comparison Theory
The theory that we evaluate ourselves by comparing ourselves to others.
Components of Emotions
The physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and subjective experience that make up emotions.
Ideal Self
The person we aspire to be and the goals we strive for.
Ought Self
The person we believe we should be based on external expectations and obligations.
Regulatory Focus Theory
The theory that individuals have either a promotion-focused or prevention-focused strategy for goal pursuit.
Self-Affirmations
Techniques that affirm one's values and strengths to enhance self-esteem.
Attitude
A learned evaluation or belief about an object, person, or idea.
Explicit Attitudes
Attitudes that are consciously held and publicly expressed.
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious biases or attitudes that are revealed through reaction time in tests like the Implicit Association Test.
Conditioning
Associating a product or idea with positive emotions or experiences in order to influence attitudes.
Attractiveness, Familiarity, and Expertise
Factors that can influence persuasion, such as using attractive or familiar individuals as endorsers or relying on experts for credibility.
Cultural Differences in Advertising
Tailoring advertising messages to fit the cultural values and norms of different societies.
Mood and Emotions in Persuasion
How positive or negative mood can influence the persuasiveness of a message.
Resistance to Persuasion
Strategies individuals use to counterargue against persuasive messages and maintain their existing beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance
The discomfort or tension that arises when there is a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior.
Insufficient Justification Effect
Finding a task more enjoyable after receiving a smaller reward than expected.
Effort Justification Effect
Valuing a challenging project more after investing significant effort.
Post-Decisional Regret Effect
Feeling regret after choosing one option over another.
Hypocrisy Effect
Promoting a behavior or value while engaging in contradictory actions.
Self-Perception Theory
Inferring
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