APUSH Unit 4

16th Amendment

1913, allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

17th Amendment

1913, gave the people power to elect senators, who were previously appointed by the legislatures of their states.

18th Amendment

1920 to 1933, prohibited manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol in the US.

19th Amendment

1920, gave women the right to vote.

Alfred T. Mahan

US Naval Officer that wrote The Influence of Sea Power on History in 1890.

Andrew Carnegie

Led the steel industry into becoming a major US industry and wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”.

Australian Ballot

Developed in Australia in the 1850s, system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices.

Booker T. Washington

African-American leader, created the Atlanta Compromise in 1895.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882, barred Chinese laborers from entering the US because of rising sentiment and violence, and to prevent access to cheap labor.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

1914, strengthened federal definitions of “monopoly”, gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases, and specified that labor unions could not be prosecuted for “restraint of trade”.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroad owner, one of the few that was considered to be “just”.

Dawes Act

1887, gave Native Americans individual ownership of land by dividing reservations into homesteads.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino independence leader, led the resistance movement against American imperialism.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist presidential nominee in the Election of 1912.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Published The Significance of the Frontier in American History in 1893.

Free Silver

1896 to 1900, policy that expanded the federal coinage to include silver as well as gold. Ended when Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan was defeated and gave Republicans power to retain the gold standard.

Gospel of Wealth

1889, written by Andrew Carnegie, observed that “the poor enjoy what the rich could not before afford. What were the luxuries have become the necessaries of life.”

Granger Laws

Late 1870s, regulated the economy in the west.

Henry Bessemer

A British inventor, created the Bessemer Converter in 1851, which turned iron into steel.

Hepburn Act

1906, gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction.

Homestead Act

1862, gave 160 acres of Western land to any applicant that would occupy and improve the property.

Horizontal Integration

Corporations would drive competitors to the brink of failure with predatory pricing, and then offer to merge the failing companies into a conglomerate. Pioneered by John D. Rockefeller.

Ida Wells-Barnett

African-American journalist, was told to leave a train car but refused because the nearest alternative was a smoke car, which led to her being thrown off the train.

Initiative Process

Citizens have the right to propose a new law.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887, created the Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.

Jacob Riis

Danish-born journalist, wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jane Addams

Founded the Hull House in 1889 in an impoverished, Italian immigrant neighborhood in Chicago’s West Side.

John D. Rockefeller

Owned the Standard Oil of Ohio firm, considered the King of Petroleum.

Keating-Owen Act

1916, prohibited the sale of goods produced in factories that employed children under 14, mines that employed children under 18, and any facility that had children under 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours.

Morrill Land Grant

1863, set aside 140 million federal acres to states so they could sell them and raise money for public universities.

Nativism

Native-born Americans that wanted to slow or stop immigration due to racism.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896, Supreme Court case where Homer Plessy was kicked out of the “whites-only” train car.

Populism

Opposed the inequalities and economic disparities due to industrial capitalism.

Recall

A technique that political candidates used, voting to remove unpopular politicians from office.

Referendum

A technique that political candidates used, citizens voting directly on a proposed law, rather than waiting on legislators to vote.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890, government opposition to monopolies, prohibited conspiracies that restrained trade.

Sierra Club

1892, founded by John Muir, dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America’s great mountains and wilderness environments.

Social Darwinism

Idea formulated by Herbert Spencer that human society advanced through ruthless competition and “survival of the fittest”.

Social Gospel

Reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.

Theodore Roosevelt

Democratic 26th President.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869, a railroad that linked the eastern railroad system with California’s railroad system.

Vertical Integration

A single corporation would control all aspects of production. Pioneered by Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie.