Heredity Quiz Slide 37-End

Based on Lecture Vid and Supplement

Genetic Engineering

• manipulation of the genetic code for some benefit

• ex. GH gene inserted into salmon to express growth in salmon

• doesn’t pass onto the next person that eats a GMO

Cloning

• produces an organism genetically identical to parent donor

  • taking the nonliving cells that are non gamete driven

    • taking a cell out of one donor animal and taking the nucleus out of another donor and into an ovum from a donor

  • will be a genetically identical to past sheep from 20 years ago, not from the mother who birthed it.

Transgenic Organisms

• genes spliced from one organism to another to allow recipient new abilities

• past resistance, light generation, human (lactoferrin) in milk

  • ex. cow produces milk AND a growth hormone

Eukaryotic DNA types

• large amount of genome is non-coding includes introns, regulatory genes, and repetitive sequences

• non-coding repetitive DNA includes many simple sequences elements

• possible to extract or identify these repetitive sequences for use in identification

  • only about 1.5% or DNA in nucleus is coding for DNA

  • bulk is repetitive non-coding

Non-Coding means that…

it does not code for proteins that build your cells or your body

DNA Fingerprinting

• uses differences in number of key genetic markers to determine the DNA identity of sample

• may use the number of tandem repeats at a given site of a chromosome

• may use the number of different restriction enzyme sites on a given set of genes

  • restriction enzymes can cut between DNA bases

  • amount of segments differs between each person

• combines PCR with Gel Electrophoresis

PCR and Gel Electrophoresis

PCR

• amplifies the sample

Electrophoresis

• separates the samples by size of DNA

Gel Electrophoresis

• a gel is used like a filter to separate samples into their various sizes

• the molecules are pulled through the gel by electric attraction forces

PCR

• is a chain reaction which is given to a series of chemicals

• it amplifies the DNA and once chopped up, it is run through gel electrophoresis (porous gelatin)

• Then a charge is put against the gel and will help to draw these things down

Restriction Enzyme Sites

• in restriction enzyme analysis, enzymes that cut the non-coding DNA at specific sites are used

  • generating DNA fragments

• everyone’s DNA has enough variation in restriction sites to generate many different sized pieces (which are called RFLPs)

Restriction Fragment Analysis

• the resulting fragments are separated using a gel and labeled with a visible agent - useful in gene sequencing

• differ per person

DNA analysis slide

• actual DNA evidence in murder case

• V = victims blood

• D = defendant

• shirt and jeans were the defendants with blood stains

• Verdict is GUILTY

Gene Sequencing

• a culmination of techniques can be used to fully determine base sequence

• sequence of whole organism: Human Genome Project

  • trying to figure out genetic problems

  • only the first tip of the iceberg, knowing what a gene does to a person is the hard part

Embryo Testing

• two ways

  • amniocentesis is taking some of the amniotic fluid

  • chorionic villi sampling is taking part of the placenta

• have to amplify the gathered samples

• put into a centrifuge and then cultured

Gene Therapy

• use of DNA technology to correct or reduce effects of abnormal gene function

  • can correct it in one part but not whole

Gene Therapy Example

1. Insert RNA version of normal allele into retrovirus

2. Let retrovirus infect bone marrow cells that have been removed from the patient and cultured

3. viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome

4. Inject engineered cells into patient

Gene Reproductive Therapy

• putting egg in mom that does not have genetic disease