Respiratory System Physiology Part 1

Respiration involves ___ processes

4

Pulmonary ventilation

Between atmosphere and alveoli

Pulmonary gas exchange

Between alveoli and blood

Gas transport

Between lungs and systemic cells

Tissue gas exchange

Between the blood and the systemic cells

Two phases of respiration

Inspiration and expiration

Inspiration

Inhalation

Expiration

Exhalation

Quiet breathing

(eupnea) rhythmic breathing at rest

Forced breathing

Vigorous breathing accompanies exercise

The movement of air is dependent on _____ ____

Pressure gradients

Gas molecules move from __ __pressure to__ _____ pressure areas

High to low

Pressure gradients drive movement of air molecules during

Inspiration and expiration

Boyles law

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to volume of a container

As volume increases, pressure exerted by gas on a container _____ (boyles law)

Decreases

As volume decrease, the pressure exerted by gas on container _____ (boyles law)

Increases

When the container is opened the pressure inside and outside are __ __and the gas molecules are at__ _______(boyles law)

Equal, equilibrium

Muscles associated with quiet breathing

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Muscles associated with forced inspiration

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, and serratus posterior superior

Skeletal muscles of forced expiration

Intercostals, abdominal muscles, trans versus thoracis, and serratus posterior inferior

Thoracic volume can change____,_______,__ _____

Vertically, laterally, and anterior-posteriorly

Vertical changes result from

Diaphragm movement (Flattens by moving inferiorly when contracted)

Intrapleural pressure __ Intrapulmonary pressure (lung inflation)

<

During lung inflation the chest wall____

Expands outward

During lung inflation the pleural cavity creates a ____

Vacuum

Atmospheric pressure

Generated by pull of gravity on air around up

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

\~760 mmHg

Pressure __ __below sea level and__ ___ above sea level

Increases, decreases

Intrapulmonary pressure

Air pressure within alveoli (760 mmHg)

Intrapulmonary pressure __*And during inspiration and expiration*__

Rises and falls

Intrapleural pressure

Pressure sighing pleural cavity

What is the normal Intrapleural pressure

756 mmHg

Intrapleural pressure and. with inspiration and expiration

Rises and falls

Transpulmonary pressure

Difference between Intrapulmonary pressure and Intrapleural pressure in pleural cavity

During inspiration the diagram and external intercostals lung volume by. thoracic cavity size

Increase, increasing

Thoracic cavity expands-pressure writing cavity decreases-pleura teacher to inner wall of thoracic wall pulls lungs outward- increasing lung volume

Inspiration

Recoil and diaphragm relaxation together- decrease lung volume+ raise Intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric pressure- air flows out of lungs

Expiration

Expiration is a mostly. process that. untilize muscle contraction

Passive, doesn’t

When imperators muscles relax the diaphragm returns to. shape

Dome

When inspiratory muscles relax elastic tissue in lungs ____.

Recoils

Quiets inspiration is active or passive

active

During quiet inspiration and expiration Intrapulmonary pressure is ____ to atmospheric pressure

=

(Quiet inspiration) Intrapulmonary pressure __ __and allows air to______ lungs .__

Decrease, fill

(Quiet inspiration) pressure and volume relationship

Low pressure, high volume

Quiet expiration is active or passive

Passive

(Quiet expiration) Intrapulmonary pressure __ __and allows air to__ __ lungs.

Increases, leave

(Quiet expiration) relationship between pressure and volume

High pressure, low volume

During forceful breathing air moves into and out of the lungs

More

During forceful breathing there is a. change in chest volume

Significant

Pneumothorax

Air in the thorax

Pleural effusion

Excess fluid

Hemoneumothorax

Blood in thoracic cavity

Amount of air moving in and out of the lung with each breath

Airflow

Airflow depends on. gradient between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

Pressure

Airflow depends on the. that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs and chest wall

Resistance

F= (Formula)

Delta P/R

F stands for

Flow

Difference in pressure between atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure = pressure gradient= Patm -Palm

Delta P

R stands for

Resistance

Flow is related to pressure gradient

Directly

Flow is. related to resistance

Inversely

If pressure gradient increases

Airflow to lungs increases

If resistance increases

Airflow lessens

difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

Pressure gradient

Pressure gradient can be changed by __blank__ volume of thoracic cavity

altering

Small volume changes of quiet respiration allow __blank__ mL of air to enter

500

If accessory muscles of inspiration are used, volume __blank__ more

Increases

Airflow __blank__ due to __blank__ pressure gradient

Increases, greater

Factors that increase difficulty moving air

Resistance

Resistance may be altered by a change in __blank__ of chest wall and lungs

Elasticity

Resistance may be altered by a change in __blank__ diameter

Bronchiole

Resistance may be altered by a collapse of __blank__

Alveoli

Resistance __blank__ slightly during inspiration as airways are pulled open as lungs expand

Decreases

Resistance __blank__ slightly as lungs recoil and the airways narrow during expiration

Increases

Diameter of bronchioles is controlled by

Smooth muscle activity

What happens to the diameter of bronchioles during relaxation

Increased diameter

bronchodilation

Relaxation

Bronchocontriction

Contraction

What happens to the diameter of the bronchioles during contraction

Decreased diameter

Decreased airway resistance and increased air flow

Relaxation

Increased airway resistance and decreased air flow

Contraction

Diseases that may also increase airway resistance

Inflammation, obstruction, bacterial or viral diseases

Alveoli are covered with a thin watery film, creates a gas water boundary

Alveolar surface tension

Greatest surface tension when alveoli are at their __blank__ diameter during expiration

Smallest

Chemical component of the liquid film surrounding cells of the alveolus

Surfacant

Surfactant is produced by

Type II alveolar cells

__Blank__ disrupts waters ability to hydrogen bond with itself

Surfacant

Surfacant __blank__ surface tension and allows alveolus to remain partially __*blank*__ even during expiration

Reduces, open

Ease with which lungs and chest wall expand

Pulmonary compliance

__Blank__ is determined by surface tension and elasticity of chest and lung

Pulmonary compliance

The __blank__ the lung expands, the __blank__ the compliance

Easier, greater

Factors that inhibit movement of the chest wall

Trauma and bony deformities of the wall

Diseases __blank__ Surfacant production

Decrease

What diseases decreases Surfacant production

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

If __blank__ decreases, the lungs are less able to expand and effectiveness of __blank__ ventilation decreases

Compliance, pulmonary

Instrument that produces a graph that assess respiratory health

Spirometer

Tidal volume (TV)

Amount of air inhaled/ exhaled per breath, \~500 mL

Total volume of air moving in and out of lungs/ minute

Minute ventilation

MV= (formula)

MV= tidal volume (TV) x breathing/ respiratory rate (RR)

Average MV in adults

6 liters per minute