Bus-100 Final Review

review

Anti-Americanism {4}

Opposition to the United States of America, or to its people, principles, or policies

Bottom of the pyramid {4}

The world's poor; also refers to creative business actions to develop products and services that meet the needs of the world's poor

Central state control {4}

A socioeconomic system in which economic power is concentrated in the hands of government officials and political authorities. The central government owns the property that is used to produce goods and services, and most private markets are illegal

Civil society {4}

Nonprofit, educational, religious, community, family, and interest-group organizations; social organizations that do not have a commercial or governmental purpose

Debt relief {4}

The idea that the world's richest nations should forgive poor nations' obligation to pay back loans

Democracy {4}

A form of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or by their elected representatives; refers broadly to the presence of political freedom

Foreign direct investment {4}

When a company, individual, or fund invests money in another country

Free enterprise system {4}

A socioeconomic system based on private ownership, profit-seeking business firms, and the principles of free markets and voluntary association and exchange.

Global action network {4}

A collaborative, multisector partnership focused on particular social issues or problems in the global economy

Globalization {4}

The increasing movement of goods, services, capital, and labor across national borders

International financial and trade {4}

Institutions, such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization, that establish the rules by which international commerce is transacted

International monetary fund {4}

An international financial institution that seeks to stabilize the system of currency exchange rates and international payments to enable member countries to participate in global trade

Microfinance {4}

financial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who are typically excluded from traditional banking

Multinational enterprise {4}

A firm with significant foreign assets or revenues, or that has subsidiaries outside its home country

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) {4}

Organizations that do not have a governmental or commercial purpose, such as religious, community, family, and interest-group organizations. Also called civil society or civil sector organizations

Race to the bottom {4}

When businesses move operations from one country to another seeking to pay workers the lowest wages possible or to avoid strong government regulations

Tariff {4}

A tax on an imported (or sometimes exported) product by a government to protect their own industries from foreign competition

World bank {4}

An international financial institution that provides economic development loans to member nations

World Trade Organization (WTO) {4}

An organization of member nations that establishes the ground rules for trade among nations

Anthropocene {9}

The period in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment

Biodiversity {9}

The number and variety of species and the range of their genetic makeup

Carbon neutrality {9}

When an organization or individual produces net zero emissions of greenhouse gases

Carbon offsets {9}

Investments in projects that remove carbon dioxide or its equivalent from the atmosphere

Circular economy {9}

A production system that is regenerative by design, that is, it restores rather than wastes its inputs

Climate change {9}

Changes in the Earth's climate caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other pollutants produced by human activity

Convention on Climate Change {9}

First negotiated in 1992, an annual conference hosted by the United Nations to negotiate agreements to cut fossil fuel emissions that cause global warming

Ecological footprint {9}

The amount of land and water an individual or group needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes, given prevailing technology

Extended producer product responsibility {9}

The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products and services, even after they are sold

Global warming {9}

The gradual warming of the earth's climate, believed by most scientists to be caused by an increase in carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere resulting from human activity, mainly the burning of fossil fuels

Great acceleration {9}

Refers to the rapid intensification of human impacts on the environment from 1750 to 2010.

Industrial ecology {9}

Designing factories and distribution systems as if they were self-contained ecosystems, such as using waste from one process as raw material for another

Life-cycle analysis {9}

Collecting information on the lifelong environmental impact of a product in order to minimize its adverse impacts at all stages, including design, manufacture, use, and disposal

Marine ecosystems {9}

Oceans and the salt marshes, lagoons, and tidal zones that border them, and well as the diverse communities of life that they support

Natural capital {9}

The world's natural assets, including its geology, soil, air, water, and all living things

Ozone {9}

bluish gas, composed of three bonded oxygen atoms, that floats in a thin layer in the stratosphere between 9 and 28 miles above the planet

Paris agreement {9}

A global agreement, negotiated in Paris in 2015, which aimed to limit the rise in the average global temperatures

Planetary boundaries {9}

Created by the Stockholm Resilience Center, the idea that the planet Earth's physical systems create a set of boundaries for safe operating space for humanity

Sustainable development {9}

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come

Sustainable development goals {9}

Created by the United Nations, a set of 17 goals designed to be a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.

Technology cooperation {9}

Long-term partnerships between companies in developed and developing countries to transfer environmental technologies to attain sustainable development

Cap-and-trade {10}

Allows businesses to buy and sell permits that entitle the bearer to emit a certain amount of pollution. The government or international agency issues these permits and caps the total amount of pollution that may be produced

Chief sustainability officer (CSO) {10}

Manager responsible for the organization's sustainability activities and performance.

Clean economy {10}

Sectors of the economy that produce goods and services with an environmental benefit.

Command and control regulation {10}

A regulatory approach where the government "commands" business to comply with certain standards (such as amounts of particular pollutants) and often directly "controls" their choice of technology to achieve these standards.

Corporate sustainability leaders {10}

Leaders in organizations that recognize stewardship of the natural environment as a core responsibility. They operate so they can continuer their activities indefinitely without altering the carrying capacity of the biosphere, for example by emitting net zero carbon dioxide.

Environmental justice {10}

The efforts to prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.

Environmental partnerships {10}

A voluntary, collaborative partnership between or among businesses, government regulators, and environmental organizations to achieve specific environmental goals

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) {10}

The U.S. federal government agency responsible for most environmental regulation and enforcement.

Market-based mechanisms {10}

A form of regulation, used in environmental policy, based on the idea that the market is a better control than standards imposed on corporate behavior.

Material sustainability issues {10}

Issues that are particularly relevant to an evaluation of a particular company or industry's sustainability practices.

Net zero {10}

emit no more of the greenhouse gas than they remove or offset

Superfund [CERCLA] {10}

A U.S. law, passed in 1980, designated to clean up hazardous or toxic waste sites. The law established a fund, supported mainly by taxes on petrochemical companies, to pay for the cleanup

Sustainability report {10}

A single report integrating a business's social and environmental results.

Behavioral addiction {11}

Refers to a compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, such as checking one's Facebook feed, despite negative consequences.

Big data {11}

Refers to a data set that is so large and complex that none of the current conventional data management tools can store or process it efficiently.

Biotechnology {11}

Uses biological processes in the development or manufacture of a product or in the technological solution to a problem.

Cryptocurrency {11}

A digital currency that operates independently of the banking system and uses encryption techniques to verify the transfer of funds.

Digital divide {11}

The gap between those that have access to the Internet and those that do not.

Genetically modified foods {11}

Food crops grown from genetically engineered seeds or food processed from such crops.

Human genome {11}

Strands of DNA developing a unique pattern for every human.

m-commerce {11}

Commerce conducted by using mobile or cell phones, allowing consumers to use their mobile or cell phones as electronic wallets.

mobile telephones {11}

Communication devices that use radio technology to enable users to place calls from a mobile device.

phishing {11}

The practice of stealing consumers' personal identity data and financial account credentials by using fake e-mails.

right to privacy {11}

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of his or her private life by government, business, or other persons.

social networking {11}

A system using technology to enable people to connect, explore interests, and share activities around the world.

spam {11}

Unsolicited e-mails (or junk e-mails) sent in bulk to valid e-mail and mobile accounts.

stem cell research {11}

Research on nonspecialized cells that have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into more mature cells.

technology {11}

A broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

artificial intelligence (AI) {12}

The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

Autonomous vehicles {12}

Vehicles capable of sensing the surrounding environment and navigating without human input or control. (Also known as driverless or self-driving cars.)

Chief information officer (CIO) {12}

Manager who has been entrusted with the responsibility to manage the organization's technology with its many privacy and security issues.

Cybercrime {12}

criminal activity done using computers and the Internet.

Digital millennium copyright act {12}

The U. S. law that made it a crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users.

e-business {12}

Electronic business exchanges between businesses and between businesses and their customers via the Internet.

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) {12}

A European law regulating the processing of personal information of European Union residents by an individual, a company or an organization.

Hackers {12}

Individuals, often with advanced technology training, acting alone or in groups, who, for thrill or profit, breach a business's information security system.

Intellectual property {12}

Ideas, concepts, and other symbolic creations of the human mind that are recognized and protected under a nation's copyright, patent, and trademark laws.

Net neutrality {12}

Internet service providers should give customers equal access, that is, they should not favor or block specific content and applications.

Omnichannel {12}

The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience.

Ransomware attacks {12}

A kind of cyberattack in which malware (short for malicious software) locks the data on a victim's computer and demands payment to regain access to the data.

Right to be forgotten {12}

An individual's right to have their personal information removed from online search results upon request.

Software piracy {12}

The illegal copying of copyrighted software.

(14) alternative dispute resolution

A method for resolving legal conflicts outside the traditional court system, in which a professional mediator (a third-party neutral) works with the two sides to negotiate a settlement agreeable to both parties.

(14) behavioral advertising

Advertising that targets particular customers based on their observed online behavior.

(14) consumer affairs officer

Manages the complex network of consumer relations.

(14) consumer movement

A social movement that seeks to augment the rights and powers of consumers. (Also known as consumerism.)

(14) consumer privacy

A consumer's right to be protected from the unwanted collection and use of information about that individual for use in marketing.

(14) consumer protection laws

Laws that provide consumers with better information, protect consumers from possible hazards, encourage competitive pricing, protect privacy, or permit consumer lawsuits.

(14) deceptive advertising

An advertisement that makes false or misleading claims about the company's own product or its competitor's product, withholds relevant information, or creates unreasonable expectations; generally illegal in most countries.

(14) product liability

The legal responsibility of a firm for injuries caused by something it made or sold.

(14) product quality

Everything an organization does to ensure the quality of its product.

(14) product recall

Occurs when a company, either voluntarily or under an agreement with a government agency, takes back from its distribution channels all items found to be dangerously defective.

(14) strict liability

A legal doctrine that holds that a manufacturer is responsible (liable) for injuries resulting from the use of its products, whether or not the manufacturer was negligent or breached a warranty.

(15) drug testing (of employees)

The testing of employees, by the employer, for the presence of illegal drugs, sometimes by means of a urine sample, saliva, or hair follicle analyzed by a clinical laboratory.

(15) electronic monitoring (of employees)

The use by employers of electronic technologies to gather, store, and monitor information about employees' activities.

(15) employee assistance programs (EAPs)

Company-sponsored programs to assist employees with alcohol abuse, drug abuse, mental health and other problems.

(15) employee privacy

Protecting an individual employee's personal life from unwanted intrusion by the employer.

(15) employment-at-will

The principle that workers are hired and retain their jobs solely "at the will of" (i.e., sole discretion of) the employer.

(15) ergonomics

Adapting the job to the worker, rather than forcing the worker to adapt to the job.

(15) labor union

An organization that represents workers on the job and that bargains collectively with the employer over wages, working conditions, and other terms of employment.