PSTM (Prelim)

Teaching

Teaching

Refers to the process of imparting knowledge and skills from a teacher to a learner.

Learning

Process of Gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.

Mayer, 1982

"The relatively permanent change in a person's knowledge or behavior due to experience"

Driscoll, 1994

"A persisting change in human performance or performance potential...(Brought) about as a result of the learner's interaction with the environment"

Shuell, 1986

"An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience"

social conditioning

A type of learning that occurs when a behavior is observed and subsequently mimicked.

classical conditioning

Also known as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning?

classical conditioning

A Reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov

The Russian Psychologist who Introduced the Classical Conditioning theory.

Pavlov's Dogs

The test animal used in classical conditioning?

Operant Conditioning

Described as a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement.

Strategy

Approach

Technique

Method

Enumerate "The How's of Teaching"

Strategy

It is the art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the army.

Strategy

A generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, instructional objectives and an outline of planned tactics, necessary to implement the strategies.

Case Studies

Effective ways to get student to practically apply their skills and their understanding of learned facts to a real-world situation.

Brainstorming

A large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.

Discussion

Lets class members work actively with the ideas and the concepts being pursued.

Debates

Structured way of exploring the range of views of an issue. it consist of structured contest of argumentation, in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition.

Groupwork

A method of Instruction that gets students to work together in groups.

The Flipped Classroom

Students complete learning normally covered in the classroom in their own time and classroom time is dedicated to hands-on activities and interactive, personalized learning, leading to deeper understanding.

Simulations

Are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a world defined by the teacher. they represent a reality within which students interact.

Approach

Is the broadest of the three, making technique the most specific, and the method found in between approach and technique.

Executive Approach

Views the teacher as a manager of complex classroom processes, a person charged with bringing about certain outcomes with students through using the best skills and techniques available.

- also known as "Teacher-centered approach"

Facilitator Approach

It places a high value on what students bring to the classroom setting, it places a considerable emphasis on making use of student's prior experience.

- also known as "Activity-Based approach"

Liberationist Approach

The goal is to Liberate the mind to wonder, to know and understand, to imagine and create, using the full intellectual inheritance of civilized life.

- also known as "Student-centered approach"

Teacher-centered approach

It is the primary role of the teachers to pass knowledge and information onto their students.

Student-centered approach

Student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction.

TELLING METHOD

Lecture method, Discussion method, Story telling method and so on.

DOING METHOD

Project method, Problem solving method, Textbook method and so on

VISUAL METHOD

Demonstration method, Supervised study method and so on.

MENTAL MEHOD

Inductive, Deductive, Analysis, Synthesis method etc.

Technique

encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process

Instructional media

encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives

Instructional media

helps students visualize a lesson and transform abstract concepts into concrete, easier to remember concepts.

Projected Media

Instructional materials that require projection and electricity in their using process.

Non-Projected Media

Instructional materials that do not require the process of projection before its operation can take place. Photographs, diagrams, and displays

Audio Media

Allow students to hear other languages/dialects ,Allow auditory learners to review the lessons ,Encourage creativity through music

Motion Media

Offer supplemental instruction, Experience concepts in a manner that is not available in "real life".

Hyper Media

Offer resources beyond the library, Develop computer and word processing skills, Offer interactive learning

Gaming Media

Provide a playful environment for learning, Structure learning through rules, Motivating for tedious or repetitive content, Uses problem solving skills.

Health Education

Social science that draws from the biological, environmental, psychological, physical and medical sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability and premature death through education-driven voluntary behavior change activities.

Hal

The word health is derived from ___, which mean " hale ( strong, healthy)

Oxford Dictionary

"Soundness of body or mind that condition in which its are duly and efficiently discharged" definition of Health according to?

As a manager

Responsible for the effective management of the class from start to finish.

As a manager

Carries systematic activities throughout the day Expected to maintain order in the classroom

As a counselor

Teachers provide guidance and assistance if students experience problems.

As a motivator

Teacher is good at motivating learners to make them listen, participate, and understand instructions.

As a leader

Teacher directs, coaches, supports, and delegates depending on the needs of the situation

As a model

Teacher should be fair in dealing with students and exhibit good judgement when situation calls for it.

As a Public Relations Specialist

Teacher deals with people outside the school with credibility.

As a Parent-Surrogate

Teacher guarantees that the individual rights of the learners in education and safety is respected.

As a facilitator

Teacher prepares guidelines which will serve as the focus of discussion and activities

As an Instructor

Teachers make decisions as to what to teach, what instructional materials to use what method to employ in teaching a particular content, and how best to evaluate the intended learning

As a counselor

Teachers are expected to respond constructively when problems crop up concerning student behaviour

As a Facilitator

The learners must be given the chance to discuss things under the close supervision and monitoring of the teacher.

As a motivator

Teachers encourage and motivates learners to study well and behave properly in and outside the classroom.

Second Approach

Accept learners as they are, whether or not you like them

Fourth Approach

Clearly identifying the learner's responsibilities in the learning process.

First Approach

Respect learners to care about their concerns

Third Approach

Honest communication contributing to healthy relationships with learners

Teaching Practices

defined as the mechanics, methods, and skills in classroom and clinical teaching.

Jacobson, 1966

He defined teaching practices as the mechanics, methods and skills in classroom and clinical teaching.

Teaching

action of a person imparting skill, knowledge, or even a value to another.

- It is an attempt to assist students in acquiring or changing some skill, knowledge, ideal attitude, or appreciation.

Learning

Defined as a change in behavior that can be observed or measured and occur anytime as a result of exposure to a stimuli

Passion

It drives them to care for their students corrected with appropriate reformative action.

Humor

Teacher's ____ connects them with their student like a magnet.

Patience

It refers to teacher's uncomplaining nature, self-control and persistence.

-Teachers calmly endure their students' limitations and difficulties

Enthusiasm

Refers to eagerness and excitement

Commitment

It is unwavering pledge to perform all teaching and learning activities with consistency and selflessness to the best interest of the students under their care.

Commitment

____teachers are caring and dedicated

Commitment

A solemn promise to perform the duties and responsibilities mandated by laws and code of ethics of the profession.

Andragogy

Synonym for Adult Learning

Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (1913 - 1997)

Andragogy: Term used by?

Child learning

Pedagogy means?

Self-concept

As a person matures his/her ____ moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed

human being.

Readiness to learn

As a person matures his/her ____ becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his/her social roles

Adult Learner Experience

As a person matures he/she accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning.

Orientation to learning

As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application.

Motivation to learn

As a person matures the _____ is internal

Childhood Learning

Rote memory

Repetition

Testing as feedback

Gathering building blocks

Vertical and additive

Adult Learning

Conceptual

Contextual

Continuous

Horizontal and integrated

Pedagogy

The teacher's experience, not the children's is what counts.

Andragogy

Ready to learn when they feel the need to know.

Pedagogy

Externally motivated

Pedagogy

Must be ready when the teacher says they must or they will not be promoted.

Andragogy

Need to know why they need to learn something

Pedagogy

Subject-centered orientation

Andragogy

Life-centered or task-centered orientation

Watson

Knowles

Holton

Swanson

Authors of Andragogy

Learning Theories

Are concepts and propositions that explain why people learn and predict what circumstances they will learn.

Behaviorist Theories

Cognitive Theories

Social Learning Theories

3 MAJOR LEARNING THEORIES

Behaviorist theories

-Earliest formal theories for learning, used for children

-Focused on studying thoughts and feelings, fears and phobia

Watson and Guthrie

-Contiguity Theory

-Believed that even a skill such as walking is learned through a series of conditioned responses

John Watson

Defined behavior as a muscle movement

Thorndike and Skinner

-Reinforcement theory

-Proposed that stimulus-response bonds are strengthened by reinforcements such as reward or punishments

Cognitive Science

is a study of how our brains work in the process of perceiving, thinking, remembering and learning.

Information processing

-Sometimes used to describe a subset of this field of study.

-Explains the way that information is handled once it enters the sensed and how it is organized and stored

Learning (in Cognitive Perspective)

Is an active process in which the learner constructs meaning based on prior knowledge and view the world.

Breur

Feden, 1994

Ausubel, 1963

Theorists in Cognitive Learning Theories

Feden,1994

“An active process which the learner constructs meaning based on prior knowledge and view of the world”