Unitary Systems
central government has ALL power over state governments
Confederal Systems
state governments have most of the power
Federal Systems
power is distributed between the state and national governments
Enumerated Powers
powers explicitly given to the national government (specifically Congress)
Implied Powers
rights of the federal government that go beyond the specifically expressed powers, since they are considered necessary
Powers Denied
rights that the federal government is prohibited from violating
Commerce Clause
gives Congress authority over interstate commerce meaning they can regulate any productive activity
Necessary and Proper Clause
allows Congress to use their expressed powers
Supremacy Clause
all national laws are the ones to be enforced over state laws
Tenth Amendment
powers that the national government doesn’t have, the state does
Reserved Powers
powers reserved to the states
Concurrent Powers
powers that both governments share
Full Faith and Credit Clause
states have to acknowledge the records and public acts of other states
Extradition
criminals must be returned to their convicted state
Privileges and Immunities Clause
people of one state can’t discriminate against people of another, but they can grant privileges
Thirteenth Amendment
outlaws slavery
Fourteenth Amendment
all people born in the US are citizens, so states must treat them equally
Fifteenth Amendment
African Americans have the right to vote
Dual Federalism
the state and national governments work separately in their own areas
Selective Incorporation
incorporating certain parts of amendments instead of the whole thing, case by case
Cooperative Federalism
the states and national government work together to shape policy
Grants-in-aid
money given to state governments by the federal government for public policy
Fiscal Federalism
the federal government’s use of grants to influence decision
Categorical Grants
grants given to the states with specific provisions
Unfunded Mandates
federal policies that the states must follow, without money
Block Grants
a grant given with a wide range of purposes
Revenue Sharing
federal government provides tax money with no restrictions
Devolution
returns power of federal programs to the states