Year 10 Science: Metals and Non-metals

Flashcards for Year 10 Science 2024 Metals and Non-metals topic, based on lecture notes.

What physical properties differentiate metals, non-metals, and metalloids?

Metals are generally shiny, dense, solid (at room temperature), good conductors of heat/electricity, malleable, and ductile. Non-metals are generally dull, brittle, and poor conductors.

Where are metals located on the Periodic Table?

Metals are to the left and bottom of the Periodic Table.

Where are non-metals located on the Periodic Table?

Non-metals are to the right and top of the Periodic Table.

Where are metalloids located on the Periodic Table?

Metalloids are found between the Metals and the Non-Metals and appear to follow a ‘zig zag’.

Define 'monatomic'.

When an element exists as single atoms, uncombined.

Define 'diatomic'.

When an element exists as two of the same atom bonded together

Define 'atomic number'.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Define 'mass number'.

The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Define 'ion'.

An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge as a result of an imbalance in the number of protons and electrons.

Define 'ionic bonding'.

The attraction of positive and negative ions for each other in a lattice.

How is the position of an element in the Periodic Table related to its electronic configuration?

The number of occupied electron shells gives information on the period number, and the number of valence (outer shell) electrons gives information on the group number.

Why are noble gases chemically unreactive?

They have a stable electronic configuration and do not need to gain or lose electrons to become stable.

What is the stable electron arrangement for simple ions?

A stable electron arrangement of 8 (octet) in the outer shell (or 2 (duplet) for the first electron shell).

What happens when a metal combines with a non-metal to form an ionic compound?

The electron(s) from the metal atom is/are transferred to the non-metal atom forming a positive and negative ion. These are attracted forming an ionic bond.

Name three important polyatomic ions and their formulas.

NH4+ (Ammonium), CO32- (Carbonate), OH- (Hydroxide), NO3- (Nitrate), SO42- (Sulfate)

What is required to balance simple chemical equations?

Ensuring the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

What is a chemical reaction?

A chemical reaction produces a new substance and that it is usually difficult to reverse.

Define a solution.

A homogenous (composition is uniform throughout) mixture of two or more substances.

Define precipitation.

Two solutions of soluble salts are mixed to produce an insoluble salt precipitate.

How are monatomic anions named?

By adding the suffix -ide to the end of the element's name.

How are two common polyatomic ions named?

The majority of polyatomic ions are anions that are named ending in “ate” (usually an extra oxygen ion as part of the polyatomic ion) or “ite” (usually one oxygen ion less).