Weber State University HTHS 1110 Midterm Review

Anatomy

Study of structure of the body

physiology

the study of function of the body

levels of organization

chemical - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

Stimulus - feedback loop

what is disrupting homeostasis outside of the body

variable - feedback loops

what is different about the body because of the stimulus , ex: body temperature, body osmolarity, blood pressure, etc.

receptor - feedback loops

what sends the information to the control center

control center - feedback loops

makes the decision on what to change in order to bring the body back to homeostasis

effector - feedback loops

causes change

signs

what you can see

symptoms

what you cannot see that the patient is complaining of

positron

like an electron in all aspects, except it is positive

photons

particles of visible light

wavelengths from shortest to longest

radio waves - microwaves - infared - visible light - ultraviolet - xrays - gamma rays

isotopes

atoms that vary in the number of neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

covalent bonds

bonds between two or more atoms that share electrons

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transportation of molecules

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy

polar covalent bonds

Bonds in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms of different elements in a compound

ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

bond strength

triple covalent > double covalent > single covalent > ionic> hydrogen

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

surfactant

any substance that interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension

acids

hydrogen donors, the more hydrogen donated, the stronger the acid 8-14

base

hydrogen acceptors, the more hydrogen accepted, the weaker the base 0-6

buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

colloid

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

molarity

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

what will a cell do in hypertonic solution

shrink

what will a cell do in isotonic solution

nothing, the movement in and out is equal

what will a cell do in hypotonic solution

it will burst or swell

hydroxyl

oh

sulfhylhydryl

sh

amino

NH2

methylene

R1-CH2-R2

methyl

R-CH3

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

functional groups

alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxyl, ester, amine

polar

hydrophilic

nonpolar

hydrophobic

protiens monomers and polymers

monomer - amino acid

polymer - polypeptides

carbohydrates monomers and polymers

monomers - monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

polymers - cellulose, starch, glycogen

lipids monomers and polymers

monomers - fatty acids

polymers - triglycerides -

nucleic acids monomers and polymers

monomers - nucleotides

polymers - rna and dna

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

combination of two amino acids

dipeptide

ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

primary sequence of a protein

the order in which amino acids appear in the protein

a helix

spiral, coil

beta pleated sheet

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

disulfide bridges

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

beta barrel motif

beta strands forming beta sheets which are wrapped around to form a circular barrel shaped structure

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

acetylcholinersterase

terminates effects of ACh at an ester linkage

lipids

molecules that are rich in hydrogen and carbon, they tend to form covalent bonds with equal sharing of electrons, they are nonpolar and hydrophobic

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

carbohydrates

ring structured molecules with either five sugars - pentoses, or six sugars - hexoses

molecules with the same number of atoms in different arrangements are called

isomers

ribose

A five-carbon sugar present in RNA

deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

what are the three major hexoses

glucose, fructose, and galactose

important disaccharides

sucrose, maltose, lactose

pyramidines

thymine and cytosine

purines

Adenine and Guanine

nucleoside

nitrogenous base + sugar

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

atp

high energy phosphate bond used for cellular processes and energy

what is cAMP and cGMP

messenger nucleotides that comes around and attatched to both the three and five carbon of the same ribose peiceo, thus making a sort of ring

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes. the head is hydriphilic and the tails are hydrophobic

types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

Integral/transmembrane: Go all the way through

Peripheral: Only attached on the surface

protein channels: allow for molecules to pass through

what is a glycoprotein

A protein with a carbohydrate molecule attached. found on the phospholipid bilayer

what is the purpose of a carbohydrate chain (glycolipid)

recognize harmful cells and to serve as energy sources, and help with structure for the organism

what kinds of cells do humans have

eukaryotic

what kinds of cells do bacteria have

prokaryotic

gram stain

A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. a purple stain will indicate a gram positive (thick cell wall) bacteria and a pink stain will indicate a gram negative bacteria. (thin peptoglycin layer and high lipoprotein content)

what are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and the nucleus

cytoplasm

determines the shape of a cell and is comprised of the cytosol and the organelles

what is cytosol made of

water and dissolved proteins and nutrients

mitochondria

have their own dna, maternal linkage, and are responsible for creating energy for the cell

nucleus

where the genetic information is stored, produced, or altered, also considered the control center of the cell

aquaporin

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

types of ion channels

voltage gated, - opens when a positive ion such as Na+ enters

ligand gated - when a neurotransmitter attatches to the receptor of the ion channel

mechanically gated - when pressure is put on or near the ion channel

receptor proteins

proteins within the phospholipid bilayer that recieve a signal which will make a change within the cell, such as turning off certain cellular processes

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

linker proteins

anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, ex integrin and fibronectin

cell marker proteins

Give off information about that cell, are present on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer. this identifies the cell so that the body can efficiently organize them to their correct locations.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Na+/K pump

maintains the normal gradient of sodium and potassium inside the cells. the sodium ions are expelled as atp and is split into adp and phosphate which releases energy needed to drive the pump, then two potassium ions bind outside he cell and are released into the cell

antiport

A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction.

symport

A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane.