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Solubility Rules
Guidelines for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water based on common exceptions and patterns.
Acid-Base Proton Transfer
Understanding acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Preparation of Soluble Salt
Steps to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble base or acid and alkali.
Inorganic Salt Preparation
Methods to prepare insoluble salts from two soluble reactants or hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals from copper(II) oxide.
Hydrocarbon
A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only, with various naming conventions and formula representations.
Homologous Series
A group of organic compounds with similar properties due to the same functional group and general formula.
Isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae.
Fractional Distillation
Industrial process to separate crude oil into fractions based on boiling points.
Combustion Reactions
Different types of reactions involving organic compounds like substitution, addition, and combustion.
Fuel Properties
Characteristics of main fractions obtained from crude oil, including color, boiling point, viscosity, and volatility.
Catalytic Cracking
Process converting long-chain alkanes to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes using a catalyst.
Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons with a general formula, structural formulas, and reactions with halogens.
Alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a general formula, structural formulas, and reactions with bromine.
Alcohols
Compounds containing the functional group -OH, with examples like methanol, ethanol, and propanol.
Carboxylic Acids
Compounds containing the carboxyl functional group, with properties and methods of preparation.
Carboxylic acids
Organic compounds with a carboxyl functional group, can be unbranched-chain with up to four carbon atoms.
Reactions of carboxylic acids
Describes the reactions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates in aqueous solutions.
Vinegar
Aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid, used in cooking and pickling.
Esters
Organic compounds containing a functional group, often with distinctive smells, used in food flavorings and perfumes.
Ethyl ethanoate
Ester produced from the reaction of ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Addition polymer
Formed by joining monomers, like poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene), and (poly)tetrafluoroethene.
Condensation polymerisation
Reaction of a dicarboxylic acid with a diol to produce a polyester and water.
Polyester
Formed by condensation polymerisation, can be biodegradable, like biopolyesters.