Chemistry IGCSE

Solubility Rules

Guidelines for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water based on common exceptions and patterns.

Acid-Base Proton Transfer

Understanding acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

Preparation of Soluble Salt

Steps to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble base or acid and alkali.

Inorganic Salt Preparation

Methods to prepare insoluble salts from two soluble reactants or hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals from copper(II) oxide.

Hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only, with various naming conventions and formula representations.

Homologous Series

A group of organic compounds with similar properties due to the same functional group and general formula.

Isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae.

Fractional Distillation

Industrial process to separate crude oil into fractions based on boiling points.

Combustion Reactions

Different types of reactions involving organic compounds like substitution, addition, and combustion.

Fuel Properties

Characteristics of main fractions obtained from crude oil, including color, boiling point, viscosity, and volatility.

Catalytic Cracking

Process converting long-chain alkanes to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes using a catalyst.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with a general formula, structural formulas, and reactions with halogens.

Alkenes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a general formula, structural formulas, and reactions with bromine.

Alcohols

Compounds containing the functional group -OH, with examples like methanol, ethanol, and propanol.

Carboxylic Acids

Compounds containing the carboxyl functional group, with properties and methods of preparation.

Carboxylic acids

Organic compounds with a carboxyl functional group, can be unbranched-chain with up to four carbon atoms.

Reactions of carboxylic acids

Describes the reactions of carboxylic acids with metals and metal carbonates in aqueous solutions.

Vinegar

Aqueous solution containing ethanoic acid, used in cooking and pickling.

Esters

Organic compounds containing a functional group, often with distinctive smells, used in food flavorings and perfumes.

Ethyl ethanoate

Ester produced from the reaction of ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Addition polymer

Formed by joining monomers, like poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene), and (poly)tetrafluoroethene.

Condensation polymerisation

Reaction of a dicarboxylic acid with a diol to produce a polyester and water.

Polyester

Formed by condensation polymerisation, can be biodegradable, like biopolyesters.