A+P II Final Study Questions

One hormone causes a minimal response unless another hormone is present. What effect is observed in this case?

Permissive Effects

____ is the **middle layer** of the adrenal cortex and secretes hormones known as ____

Zona fasciculata, glucorticoids

____ is the **outermost layer** of the adrenal cortex and secretes hormones known as ____

Zona glomerulosa, mineralocorticoids

Alpha cells produce what hormone?

Glucagon

Beta cells produce what hormone?

Insulin

What hormone is active during the post-absorptive state?

Glucagon

When the level of glucose is low, the pancreas releases ____

glucagon

How is oxygen transported through the body?

Attaches to hemoglobin

What is the function of the fibrinogen proteins in plasma?

They assist with blood clotting

What is the importance of secreting fibrinogen and not fibrin?

Prevents clotting when unnecessary

What type of leukocyte would be elevated in a patient with a parasite?

Eosinophils

What antigens would be found in the surface of a person with Type A- blood?

A antigens only

What antibodies would be found in the plasma of a person with Type A- blood?

anti-B Antibodies an anti-Rh factor antibodies

Blood from the pulmonary veins flows to what chamber?

Left atrium

The electrical shock in where begins an action potential in a heartbeat?

Sinoatrial Node

What structure directly connects the electrical shock in an action potential to the cardiac muscle cells?

Purkinje fibers

What part of the EKG is ventricular contraction?

ST wave

The semilunar valves are first pushed open during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular Contraction

When the preload is increased, the heart’s stroke volume (increases/decreases)

Increases

What capillaries are found in the brain, lungs, muscles, and skin?

Continuous capillaries

Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure ______ water ______ the capillary.

pulls, into

Increasing the vessel length would (increase/decrease) resistance.

Increase

Where does the conducting zone end?

Terminal bronchiole

The contraction of what muscles assists in inspiration?

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Secretion assists with what in the lungs?

Prevention of lung collapse

The contraction of internal intercostal muscles occurs during what proccess?

Forced expiration

In systemic exchange, ____ enters the bloodstream and ____ leaves the bloodstream

In pulmonary exchange, ____ enters the bloodstream and ____ leaves the bloodstream

As tissue oxygen levels increase, the hemoglobin saturation level ____

decreases

During hyperventilation, the level of ___ in their bloodstream becomes too low

carbon dioxide

____ are only released during an active viral infection

Interferons

These adaptive immune cells kill virus-infected host cells

Cytotoxic T-cells

These innate immune cells kill virus-infected host cells

Natural killer cells

What part of the nephron absorbs water only when hormones activate it?

In comparison to plasma, urine is (iso, hypo, hyper)tonic when at the distal convoluted tubule

In comparison to plasma, urine is (iso, hypo, hyper)tonic when at the ascending loop of henle

What should be reabsorbed by the glomerulus?