Chapter 28: Infant and Pediatric Hip

The hip bones are the fusion of three separate bones. Which one of the following bones does not belong in this group?

a. Ilium

b. Femur

c. Ischium

d. Pubis

b. Femur

The femur is surrounded by all of the following structures except:

a. bursa.

b. muscles.

c. ligaments.

d. tendons.

a. bursa.

Which movement does the psoas major, iliacus, and rectus femoris provide?

a. stabilization

b. rotation

c. adduction

d. flexion

d. flexion

Bending the hip backward is called:

a. adduction.

b. flexion.

c. extension.

d. abduction.

c. extension.

The articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone forms the _______________.

a. hip joint

b. femoral triangle

c. iliofemoral ligament

d. ligament teres

a. hip joint

The ligament in the shape of an inverted y or V passing from the anteroinferior iliac spine to each end of the intertrochanteric line is the _______________ ligament.

a. iliofemoral

b. obturator

c. femoral

d. gluteal

a. iliofemoral

When a person crosses his or her legs in a sitting position, which one of the following muscle groups is used?

a. Adductor

b. Abductor

c. Flexion

d. Extension

a. Adductor

In the coronal neutral view, the sonographic finding of a frankly dislocated hip is which one of the following?

a. The femoral head rests against the bony acetabulum.

b. The femoral head migrates laterally and superiorly with decreased coverage of the femoral head.

c. The acetabular roof is irregular and angled.

d. The labrum may be deformed.

d. The labrum may be deformed.

In the "push-pull" maneuver, which one of the following findings is seen in the normal hip in the coronal neutral view?

a. The femoral head is never seen over the posterior lip of the acetabulum.

b. The femoral head remains in place in the acetabulum.

c. The femoral head appears over the posterior lip of the triradiate cartilage as the femur is pushed.

d. The femoral head migrates laterally and posteriorly.

a. The femoral head is never seen over the posterior lip of the acetabulum.

Indications for sonography of the neonatal hip include all of the following except:

a. to rule out hip dysplasia.

b. sacral dimple.

c. breech birth.

d. abnormal hip examination.

b. sacral dimple.

The hip of a normal infant has a Graf alpha angle of ____________ degrees.

a. less than 43

b. less than 60

c. between 43 and 60

d. less than 77

b. less than 60

The coronal neutral view of the subluxed infant hip demonstrates which one of the following?

a. Irregular and angled acetabular roof

b. Deformed labrum

c. Femoral head gradually migrating superiorly and laterally with decreased coverage of the femoral head

d. Femoral head resting against the bony acetabulum

c. Femoral head gradually migrating superiorly and laterally with decreased coverage of the femoral head

Which one of the following hips gives the appearance of a "ball on a spoon" in the mid-acetabulum in the coronal flexion view?

a. Subluxed

b. Dislocated

c. Frankly dislocated

d. Normal

d. Normal

Which one of the following describes the femoral head completely out of the acetabulum?

a. Normal hip with abduction

b. Dislocated hip

c. Hip fracture

d. Hip dysplasia

b. Dislocated hip

Sonographic examination of the infant hip is performed with a(n) _______________ transducer.

a. linear array

b. curvilinear

c. endocavity

d. vector array

a. linear array

The sonographic protocol of the basic hip anatomy is imaged in _____ different views.

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

c. four

A type IV hip has an alpha angle of _______________ degrees and a beta angle of _______________ degrees.

a. less than 60; greater than 40

b. less than 43; greater than 77

c. less than 43; immeasurable

d. immeasurable; less than 60

c. less than 43; immeasurable

The alpha angle is the angle between the ___________ and the ______________.

a. baseline; acetabulum roof line

b. baseline; inclination line

c. acetabulum roof line; inclination line

d. baseline; acetabular labrum

a. baseline; acetabulum roof line

In the ____________ maneuver, down and outward pressure is applied with the patient lying in a supine position with the hip adducted and flexed 90 degrees.

a. Galeazzi

b. push-and-pull

c. Barlow

d. Ortolani

c. Barlow

Select the maneuver that induces a "clunk" as the femoral head returns to the acetabulum.

a. Adduction

b. Barlow

c. Rotation

d. Ortolani

d. Ortolani

The gluteus maximus muscle is also known as a(n) ______________ muscle.

a. hamstring

b. extensor

c. abductor

d. adductor

b. extensor

Choose the diagnostic criteria for subluxation.

a. Femoral head coverage between 54% and 56%

b. Femoral head coverage lower than 45%

c. Normal femoral head coverage

d. Femoral head coverage lower than 39%

d. Femoral head coverage lower than 39%

Which one of the following is moving sideways outward?

a. Flexion

b. Adduction

c. Abduction

d. Extension

c. Abduction

The physical signs of the development of a displacement of the hip include all of the following except:

a. prominence of trochanter.

b. extreme abduction.

c. shortening of the femur.

d. asymmetry of skinfolds.

b. extreme abduction.

With treatment of hip displacement using the Pavlik harness, the hip should be positioned in flexion with adduction and ____________ rotation.

a. neutral

b. internal

c. external

d. either neutral or internal

c. external