Chapter 9-11

Metabolism

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

picks up and delivers hydrogens to to acceptor molecules

ATP

energy currency the body uses

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme form of the vitamin

riboflavin

When a compound is reduced it ? one or more electrons

gains

Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by

enzymes

Aerobic

requires oxygen

Anaerobic

not requiring oxygen

Glycolysis

process involving reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate

Glycolysis begins with ? and ends with ?

glucose; pyruvate

In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in

the citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle is also known as the

krebs cycle

The common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids is

the citric acid cycle

The major end products of the electron transport chain are

water, carbon dioxide and ATP

In which compartment of the cell do Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place?

mitochondria

Ketosis increases with

fasting, a low carbohydrate diet, and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus

When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to

triglycerides

Before protein becomes an energy source, the ? must be removed from the molecule

NH2

Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body

produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules

Deamination

The process of simply losing an amine group from amino acids

In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, the amine group is

excreted as urea

Metabolism is regulated by

hormones such as insulin, the presence and activity of enzymes, and ATP levels in the individual cells.

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients can be converted to glucose?

carbohydrates and proteins

Glycolysis is the process by which

glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate

When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy

is stored as fat in adipose tissue

When energy intake is greater than energy output, body weight

increases

For most adults, the greatest portion of their energy expenditure is for

basal metabolism

The body’s total daily energy expenditure includes

basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity

Basal metabolism

the energy spent in maintaining involuntary processes in the body at rest, awake, and in a non-absorptive state

The thermic effect of food accounts for approximately ? of energy consumed each day

5% to 10%

To calculate basal energy needs using the equations developed by the Food and Nutrition Board, one needs information about the individual’s

age, weight, height, and gender

A young man weighs 150 pounds. A rough estimate of his basal metabolic rate would be

68 kcal per hour

Body mass index

the ratio of body weight to height

Hunger

a physiological drive to find and eat food

A man weighs 154 pounds and is 70 inches tall. What is his BMI?

22

Which of the following techniques for measuring body composition makes use of small exposures to radiation?

DEXA

The set-point theory proposes that

humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat

A healthy weight for an individual should not be based exclusively on weight, but on

total amount of body fat, location of body fat, and presence or absence of weight related medical problems.

A daily deficit of 400 to 500 kcal should result in a loss of approximately ? of body fat per week.

1 pound

A weight reduction program can be considered successful only when the weight loss

is maintained

A sound program for weight reduction should include

control of total energy intake, increased physical activity, and modification of food habits

An example of an appropriate weight loss strategy would be a

food plan that meets the nutritional needs of the patient, diet based on readily obtainable foods, plan that encourages increased physical activity, and a plan that helps the patient relinquish obesity promoting beliefs.

Keeping tempting snack foods stashed in the cupboards or freezer instead of leaving htem in plain view is an example of

stimulus control

By keeping a detailed food diary, the individual who is trying to lose weight can discover

emotions lead to poor eating habits, social influences affecting eating and food choices, and external cues that lead to overeating

Maintenance of weight loss is fostered by

eating breakfast, having a regular exercise plan, and self monitoring

A condition of self induced semi-starvation is called

anorexia nervosa

Anorexic individuals have trouble maintaining normal body temperature because of

loss of body fat as insulation

Which of the following represents a BMI range considered to be healthy for most adults men and women

19-24

the thermic effect of food represents

the increase in energy expenditure associated with he body’s digestion of food

Which of the following are benefits of regular and consistent exercise?

enhanced heart function, improved balance, better sleep habits, and reduced stress

In order for an individual to maintain an exercise regiment it helps if

the exercise is built into a daily routine

The benefits of participating in different types of exercise are

strengthening a variety of muscle groups, reducing the chances of injury, and promoting activities that are more interesting and this more likely to be continued.

The Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion is used to determine

exercise intensity

Energy for muscle contraction is most directly supplied by

ATP

At very high intensities of exercise, most of the energy the body used is supplied by

muscle glycogen

When plenty of oxygen is available in the muscles, the condition is referred to as

aerobic

When conditions in the exercising muscle are anaerobic, metabolism of glucose results in

the formation of lactate

When an athlete’s maximal performance is desired, carbohydrates are a more efficient fuel than fat because

carbohydrate is oxidized more rapidly than fatty acids

Lactate from anaerobic glycolysis is transported by the blood to the liver where it will be

resynthesized to glucose

The site of greatest energy production in a muscle cell is the

mitochondria

In low intensity exercise, aerobic metabolism of glucose will result in

carbon dioxide and water

Glucose is stored in muscle tissue as

glycogen

In order to build up maximum stores of muscle glycogen for long-distance marathons, one should consume a ? diet

high carbohydrate

Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen in the

breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O

How much of one’s genral energy needs are fueled by proteins?

2% to 5%

training and exercise are beneficial because they

increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells

Another adaption that occur with exercise, besides improvement in fitness is

increased bone density