APWH Unit 5&6

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 1700s that emphasized reason, natural rights, and skepticism of authority.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to every human being, notably life, liberty, and property, as advocated by John Locke.

John Locke

A philosopher who championed the notion of natural rights and the idea that government should be based on the consent of the governed.

The Social Contract

A book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposing that government legitimacy derives from the general will of the people.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker who advocated for freedom of speech and religious tolerance.

Separation of Powers

The division of government into distinct branches (executive, legislative, judicial) as advocated by Baron de Montesquieu.

American Revolution

The conflict in 1776 where the colonies sought independence from Britain, inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

The Declaration of Independence

A 1776 document articulating the principles of natural rights and self-governance, leading to the formation of a republic.

French Revolution

The uprising in 1789 against the monarchy, motivated by Enlightenment principles and social inequality.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution marked by extreme political repression and mass executions.

Haitian Revolution

The successful slave rebellion in Haiti (1791-1804) that overthrew French colonial rule.

Simón Bolívar

A leader in the Latin American revolutions, known for his role in the independence movements against Spanish rule.

Industrial Revolution

The transformation from agrarian economies to industrial ones, beginning in Britain in the late 18th century.

Steam Engine

A technological innovation by James Watt that revolutionized manufacturing and transportation.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often resulting from industrialization.

Laissez-faire Economics

An economic philosophy advocating for minimal government intervention in the marketplace.

Karl Marx

A philosopher who argued for socialism and class struggle in his work, The Communist Manifesto.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's power through colonization and military force.

Scramble for Africa

The competition among European powers for the colonization of Africa in the late 19th century.

Indian National Congress (INC)

A political party formed in 1885 to demand reforms and independence for Indians under British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi

A leader in the Indian independence movement known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868 that aimed to strengthen the country.

Social Darwinism

The application of natural selection theories to justify imperialism, proposing stronger nations dominate weaker ones.

Trade Unions

Organizations formed to advocate for workers' rights, including better wages and working conditions.

The Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith, arguing for a competitive market and the principles of capitalism.

Zaibatsu

Large Japanese business conglomerates that played a significant role in the economy during the Meiji Restoration and beyond.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that operate in multiple countries, often influencing global trade and economics.

Unilever

A British-Dutch transnational company that produces consumer goods, including food, beverages, cleaning agents, and personal care products, operating in various countries worldwide.

De Beers Mining Company

A transnational corporation involved in diamond exploration, mining, and trading, known for controlling a significant portion of the world's diamond supply.

Thomas Hobbes

A philosopher known for his social contract theory, advocating for a strong centralized government to prevent chaos.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

An Enlightenment thinker who argued that people are inherently good but are corrupted by society's institutions.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An advocate for women's rights and education, arguing for equality between the sexes in her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Adam Smith

An economist known as the father of capitalism, promoting free markets and the idea of the invisible hand.

Baron de Montesquieu

A political philosopher who proposed the separation of governmental powers and checks and balances.

David Hume

A philosopher who emphasized empiricism and skepticism, questioning human understanding and the concept of causation.

Voltaire

A critic of organized religion and advocate for civil liberties, known for wit and advocacy for freedom of expression.

Denis Diderot

A philosopher best known for co-founding the Encyclopédie, promoting Enlightenment ideas and knowledge dissemination.

Benjamin Franklin

An American polymath who embodied Enlightenment ideals, contributing to science, philosophy, and politics.

Immanuel Kant

A philosopher who explored the nature of knowledge and morality, introducing concepts of duty and categorical imperatives.

Charles Fourier

A French philosopher and socialist known for his ideas on utopian socialism and the concept of "phalanges," which aimed to create self-sufficient communities.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving a Jewish army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongfully convicted of treason, highlighting issues of anti-Semitism and injustice in the late 19th century.