Section 3; Lecture 24: Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Spleen

What is the role of Brunner’s glands?

Secretes alkaline mucous to counteract acidic chyme from the stomach

What is the role of Pyloric glands?

secrete gastrin and mucous

What is Gastrin?

A prptide hormone that aids in carbohydrate breakdown and gastric motility

Groups of Brunner’s glands secrete into what channel/canal?

Crypts of Lieberkuln 

Where do Brunner’s glands secrete mucous into?

The Duodenum

What are the functions of the Liver?

Iron/Vitamin Storage

Destroys old RCBs

Formation of bile

Stores glucose as glycogen

Site of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

What are the 5 lobes in a dog liver?

Left Medial

Left Lateral

Right Medial

Right Lateral

Quadrate

Caudate

What substance contains detoxified waste, bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipid, bilirubin, and electrolytes?

Bile

What is the role of bile?

Emulsification, absorption, and digestion of fats

True or False: Bile contributes to alkalinity in the intestines

True

What are the 3 structures in the Portal Triad in the liver?

Bile Duct, Hepatic artery, and portal vein

Does the hepatic artery or the portal vein supply more blood to the liver?

Portal Vein

The portal vein makes up 75% of the blood delivered to the Liver

The Hepatic artery delivers 25%

Between the portal vein and hepatic artery, which delivers oxygenated/unoxygenated blood?

The portal veing delivers unoxygenated blood from the digestive organs

The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood

What is the role of the bile duct in the portal triad?

delivers bile from liver to the duodenum

True or False: Blood from the digestive organs MUST drain to the liver

True

Why must digestive organs drain to the liver?

Blood from the digestive organs must drain to the liver to filter nutrients that are broken down

What veins drain into the portal vein?

Gastroduodenal vein and Splenic vein

The Craniopancreatic-duodenal vein and Right gastroepiploic vein make up which vein that drains to the portal vein?

The Gastroduodenal Vein

The Left Gastroepiploic vein and Pancreatics make up which vein that drains to the portal vein?

Splenic vein

Which of the portal triad structures flows in towards the central vein and which structure flows out

Hepatic artery and portal vein flow in towards central vein.

Product of hepatocyte delivery collects into bile duct, which flows out of the liver

What is the function of the Gallbladder?

Bile storage and concentration

True or False: The Gallbladder produces Bile

False, the gallbladder stores bile that has not been secreted yet

How is bile concentrated? What is the benefit of concentrated bile?

Water and sodium are removed from bile, which concentrates it.

Concentrated bile is more effective at breaking down fats

Which ducts combine to form the bile duct? Where do these sub-ducts originate from?

Cystic duct from the Gallbladder

Hepatic ducts from the liver

What controls flow of bile into the duodenum?

A series of smooth muscle sphincters

Explain the step-by-step process of bile production in the liver and its end in the gallbladder or in the duodenum.

Bile is drained from the liver through the bile duct in the portal triad. Bile drains down the hepatic duct, then into the bile duct. If the smooth muscle sphincter is open, bile is released into the duodenum.

If the sphincters are closed, bile then backs up through the cystic duct, where it is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder

Why do dogs and cats have gallbladders when horses don’t?

Dogs and cats do not always eat like horses, so they do not need to constantly release bile.

What are the 2 lobes of the pancreas? (Super simple)

Left and right

What does each pancreas lobe contain?

A pancreatic duct that secretes pancreatic juice

What is the role of pancreatic juice?

Aids in breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

Where is pancreatic juice secreted into? What is the adjacent structure?

Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum, and the pancreatic duct is adjacent to the bile duct.

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

Both!

What Endocrine function does the pancreas have?

Cells clumped in the pancreas produce insulin, glucagon, and gastrin-critical for carbohydrate metabolism

What Exocrine function does the pancreas have?

Secretion of pancreatic juice for digestion in the duodenum

What is the category of cells within the pancreas that are involved in hormaone production?

Islet of Langerhans cells

What are the 3 islets of Langerhans cell types?

A cells, B cells, and D cells

Which Langerhans cells are most abundant?

B cells (70%)

Which Langerhans cells produce insulin?

B cells

Which Langerhans cells produce glucagon

A cells

What Langerhans cells produce Somatostatin?

D cells

Which Langerhans cells are the least abundant?

D cells (5%)

Which two veins form an anastomosis between the Celiac artery and the cranial mesenteric artery?

Cranial Pancreatico-duodenal artery from the Celiac Artery

and

Caudal Pancreatico-duodenal artery from the Cranial Mesenteric

True or False: The Spleen is a digestive organ

False, the spleen is a lymphoid organ 

What are the functions of the Spleen?

Stores RBCs and Platelets

Destroys old RBCs

Lymphocyte production

Filters foreign particles, bacteria, and phagocytic cells

What is the relation of the Short Gastric Arteries and Veins relative to the Spleen?

The Short Gastric arteries and veins supply blood to the fundus of the stomach. However, they run through the gastrosplenic ligament, which connects the spleen and the stomach

How might the Short Gastric arteries and veins make a splenectomy more difficult?

Since an important blood supply to the stomach resides close to the spleen, removal of the spleen can result in damaging this blood supply if not careful

What are the two types of pulp in the Spleen?

Red and White Pulp

Which is more abundant in the spleen, Red or White pulp?

Red Pulp (75%)

What is the function of Red pulp in the Spleen?

Contains macrophages that breakdown damaged RBCs

What is the function of White pulp in the spleen?

It contains 25% of the body’s lymphocytes which attack antigens in the blood