Chapter 14: Biotechnology

biotechnology

the manipulation or modification of living organisms or their components to produce useful products or services

genetic engineering

modern biotechnology also uses this to manipulate cells or organisms by adding, deleting, or modifying

genetically modified organisms or organs

organisms containing DNA that has been modified through genetic engineering

1. bacterial transformation

2. viral replication

two processes that occur in nature and are used by modern biotech:
1.
2.

transformation

when bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment (chromosome or plasmid)

plasmids

natural and artificial small circles of DNA

genetic engineering

manipulating cells or organisms by adding, deleting, or modifying genes

recombinant DNA

combined DNA from two species

1. PCR

2. CRISPR-Cas9

two techniques for modern genetic tools:
1.
2.

amplifies DNA; can be used to make billions, even trillions, of copies of selected pieces of DNA; uses primers and running repetitive reactions to make multiple copies of DNA

primers

artificial made short single stranded DNA

CRISPR-Cas9

allows precise editing of DNA; is a molecular tool for making precisely targeted changes to a cell’s DNA; was borrowed from natural bacterial defenses

bacteriophages

viruses that infect only bacteria

short tandem repeats

used to analyze DNA left at a crime scene; they are short, repeating and tandem

gel electrophoresis

separates DNA segments by size

DNA profile

pattern produced from running a sample of amplified STRs on a gel

1. isolate the desired gene

2. clone the gene into a vector

3. insert the gene into the cells of a host organism

4. provide conditions for multiplication

to produce a geo from another species, a genetic engineer must:
1.
2.
3.
4.

transfection

when recombinant plasmids are introduced into bacteria

Bt

many crops have been made more resistant to insect pests by giving them gene __

animals

genetically modified ______ may be useful for agriculture, industry, and play an important role in biomedical research

environmental mishaps

transgenic animals remedy these

rare trees

may be engineered for disease resistance

american chestnut

these trees are rare today due to being killed by chestnut blight fungus

bacteria

may be engineered to clean up pollution

restriction enzymes

can detect disease alleles

DNA probes

synthetic DNA segments which sequences complementary to those defective alleles; can detect disease alleles

microarray

diagnostic tests for infectious diseases often employ a ________

1. medicine

2. gene therapy

there are 2 principal applications of DNA technology for treating diseases:
1.
2.

gene therapy

can provide targeted treatments

eliminating

biotechnology offers the way of ________ the CCR5 receptor in patients who has AIDS

gene editing, gene replacement

____ ______ for HIV/AIDS

____ _______ for severe combined immune deficiency