Human Physiology Final

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

regional anatomy

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________

exercise physiologist

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n) ________.

cell

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

organ

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________.

skeletal system

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it _______

stores energy for use by body cells

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.

differentiation

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________.

oxygen

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

-Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day.

-Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

-Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients.

- All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a control center

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

sweat glands to increase their output

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

-The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.

-The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally

-The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.

-None of the above

none of the above

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

midsaggital plane

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________.

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________.

atom

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________.

protons

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________.

-about 80 neutrons each

-more than 80 neutrons each

-fewer than 80 neutrons each

-more electrons than neutrons

more than 80 neutrons each

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. How many electron shells does it likely have?

2

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound?

-2H

-H2

-H2O

-H+

H2

A molecule of water contains one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________.

polar covalent bonds

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

an ion

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.

salt

The energy stored in a ball at the top of a hill is ________.

-activation energy

-potential energy

-kinetic energy

-radiant energy

potential energy

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

synthesis

________ reactions release energy.

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?

- helium and helium

- neon and helium

- hydrogen and helium

- hydrogen and hydrogen

hydrogen and hydrogen

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.

saliva contains enzymes

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________ .

- a crystal

- inorganic

- organic

- reactive

organic

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.

- down; pressure

- up; electrochemical

- up; electrical

- down; concentration

down; concentration

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________

active transport

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

ribosomes

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?

- They are all polymers of protein subunits.

- They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

- They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell.

- They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter.

They are all polymers of protein subunits

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

- peroxisomes

- lysosomes

- mitochondria

- endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?

- the synthesis of ribosomes

- protein-lined membrane pores

- the production of cellular energy

- a double cell membrane

a double cell membrane

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

CGAATATA

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?

G1

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

3

Which of the following is not made out of RNA?

- carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand

- a ribosome

- an intron

- messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis

a ribosome

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis?

- pulling apart the two DNA strands

- attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

- none of these answers

- untwisting the DNA helix

attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

What multipotent stem cells from children are sometimes banked by parents?

cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

- DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

- RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

- DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil

- DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose

DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?

- They insert into the skin.

- They insert onto the cartilage found around the face.

- They all originate from the scalp musculature.

- They only insert onto the facial bones.

They insert into the skin

Which of the following helps an agonist work?

- an insertion

- a synergist

- an antagonist

- a fixator

a synergist

Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?

- the insertion

- the joints

- the ligaments

- the origin

the origin

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?

- rectus femoris

- pectoralis major

- gluteus maximus

- biceps brachii

pectoralis major

What best describes a bipennate muscle?

The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides

The location of a muscle's insertion and origin can determine ________.

muscle name

Which muscle name does not make sense?

- gluteus minimus

- extensor digitorum

- extensor minimus longus

- biceps femoris

extensor minimus longus

Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?

- sternocleidomastoid

- occipitofrontalis

- masseter

- corrugator supercilii

sternocleidomastoid

Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?

in the eye socket

What is the action of the masseter?

chewing

The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________.

-glossus

What is the function of the erector spinae?

rotating of the vertebral column

Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?

- exterior oblique

- interior oblique

- rectus abdominis

- quadratus lumborum

quadratus lumborom

Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?

diaphragm, scalene

Which muscle extends the forearm?

triceps brachii

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

integumentary

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

craniofacial bone

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

frontal

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalumus

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn

Brodmann's areas map different regions of the ________ to particular function

cerebral cortex

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

- common carotid artery

- jugular vein

- aorta

- internal carotid artery

internal carotid artery

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cells

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

What condition causes a stroke?

a disruption of blood to the brain

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

Which of these cranial nerves is part of the gustatory system?

- trigeminal

- trochlear

- olfactory

- facial

facial

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

sour

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

mechanoreceptor

Which nucleus in the medulla is connected to the inferior colliculus?

cochlear nucleus

Visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in what region of the primary visual cortex?

- inferior left

- superior left

- inferior right

- superior right

inferior right

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

- elbow

- thigh

- neck

- lips

lips

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

- pons

- superior colliculus

- optic chiasm

- cerebellum

cerebellum

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

primary motor cortex

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawal reflex

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus

____________ is a molecule that activates nociceptors by interacting with a temperature-sensitive ion channel and is the basis for "hot" sensations in spicy food.

capsaicin

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

- increased sweating

- dilated pupils

- increased stomach motility

- increased heart rate

increased stomach motility

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

- preganglionic parasympathetic

- preganglionic sympathetic

- postganglionic parasympathetic

- postganglionic sympathetic

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

- facial, CN VII

- hypoglossal, CN XII

- optic, CN II

- trigeminal, CN V

facial, CN VII

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

- collateral ganglion

- intermural ganglion

- chain ganglion

- adrenal gland

intermural ganglion

Which of the following represents a sensory input that is not part of both the somatic and autonomic systems?

- baroreception

- proprioception

- vision

- taste

barorecption

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

- short reflex

- long reflex

- somatic reflex

- visceral reflex

short reflex

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

- acetylcholine

- serotonin

- epinephrine

- norepinephrine

acetylcholine

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

- norepinephrine dilates the pupil

- epinephrine increases blood pressure

- acetylcholine decreases digestion

- norepinephrine increases heart rate

acetylcholine decreases digestion