Unit 4- Consciousness

key words and phrases from chapter 4 of the textbook what is psychology? Pastorino and Doyle-portillo

consciousness

feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware

microsleep

a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity

circadian rhythm

changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24-25 hr cycle

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that signal other brain areas when to be aroused and when to shut down

melatonin

a hormone in the body that facilitates sleep

non rem sleep

the relaxing state of sleep in which the persons eyes do not move

rem sleep

the active state of sleep in which the persons eyes move

which brain waves are present when awake?

alpha waves

what brain waves are present in stage 1 sleep?

theta waves

what brain waves are present in stage 2 sleep?

theta waves with sleep spindles

what brain waves are present in stage 3 sleep?

theta and delta waves

what brain waves are present in stage 4 sleep?

delta waves

rem behavior disorder

a condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur leading to violent movements durning rem sleep

rem rebound

the loss of rem sleep is recouped by spending more time in rem on subsequent nights

manifest content

according to freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening

latent content

according to freud, the symbolic meaning of the dream

threat simulation theory (tst)

suggests that dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows us to repeatedly simulate potentially threatening situations so that we can rehearse our responses to these eventsq

activation synthesis theory

suggests that dreams do not have symbolic meaning but are the by product of the brains random firing of neural impulses during rem sleep

sleep disorder

a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping

insomnia

a sleep disorder in which a person cannot get to sleep and/or stay asleep

narcolepsy

a rare sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep

restless leg syndrome (rls)

a neurological movement disorder occurring primarily at night in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the pain

sleepwalking

a sleep disorder in which a person is mobile and may perform actions during non rem slow wave sleep

night terrors

very frightening non rem sleep episodes

nightmare

a brief scary rem dream that is often remembered

enuresis

a condition in which a person over the age of 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep

hypnosis

a state of heightened suggestibility

neodissociation theory

hilgards proposal that hypnosis involves two simultaneous states: a hypnotic state and a hidden observer

response set theory of hypnosis

asserts that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions

psychoactive drugs

substances that influence the brain and thereby the individuals behavior

tolerance

a condition in which after repeated use, more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effects

substance use disorder

a condition in which a person cannot control their drug use and continues to use a drug despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, risky use, as well as evidence of tolerance or withdrawal

withdrawal symptoms

physical or behavioral effects that occur after a person stops using a drug

depressants

drugs that inhibit or slow down normal neural functioning

depressants (list)

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

opiates (list)

codeine, heroin, methadone, morphine, opium

stimulants (list)

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, mdma

hallucinogens (list)

marijuana/cannabis, phencyclidine (pcp), lsd

what neurotransmitter does alcohol affect?

gaba

main effects of alcohol

relaxation, lowered inhibitions, impaired reflexes, motor coordination, memory

main effects of heroin

euphoria, pain control, constipation, loss of appetite

main effects of caffeine

alertness, insomnia, loss of appetite, high blood pressure

main effects of nicotine

alertness, calmness, loss of appetite

main effects of cocaine

increased energy, excitation, insomnia, loss of appetite, mood swings, delusions, paranoia, heart problem

main effects of amphetamines/methamphetamines

increased alertness and energy, insomnia, loss of appetite, anxiety, delusions, paranoia

main effect of mdma

increased insight and emotion, muscle tension, sleep problems, anxiety, paranois

main effects of weed

relaxation, altered perceptions, sleep problems, paranoia, amotivation

main effects of pcp (phencyclidine)

euphoria, unpredictable moods, hostility

main effects of lsd

altered perceptions, distortion of senses, panic reactions, flashback effects

fetal alcohol syndrome (fas)

a birth condition resulting from the mothers chronic use of alcohol during pregnancy, characterized by facial and limb deformities and intellectual impairment

opiates

painkilling drugs that depress some brain areas and excite others

stimulants

drugs that speed up normal brain functioning

hallucinogens

drugs that simultaneously excite and inhibit normal neural activity, thereby causing distortions in perception

thc (tetrahydrocannabinol)

the active ingredient in marijuana that affects learning, short term memory, coordination, emotion, and appetite

benefits of 8 hours of sleep

restored body tissues, body growth, immunity to disease, an alert mind, processing of memories, and enhanced mood

freud on dreams

freud believed that dreams allow us to express fears and desires without conscious censorship, many psychologists and psychiatrists dispute Freuds emphasis on sex and aggression in interpreting dreams

hypnotic susceptibility

varies greatly, doesnt seem to be related to intelligence, gender, or sociability, people who are easily hypnotized tend to be better able to focus their attention, have vivid imaginations, and have positive expectations about hypnosis

hypnosis aș a treatment

it has been shown to be effective in some people in providing pain relief and decreasing anxiety. has not been shown to be as effective in curing addictions or recovering accurate memories