The Body Systems

What Are Bronchi? And What Are Bronchioles?

At its bottom end, the trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi (pronounced: BRAHN-kye), which connect to the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles (say: BRAHN-kee-o

What Are Alveoli?

Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli (say: al-VEE-uh-lie), where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually takes place. Each person has hundreds of millions of alveoli in their lungs. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial tre

What's the Larynx? What Are the Vocal Cords?

The larynx (voice box) is the top part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds

What's the Trachea

he trachea (windpipe) is the continuation of the airway below the larynx. The walls of the trachea (say: TRAY-kee-uh) are strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lung

What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms?

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, and organism

What is the role of the digestive system in the human body?

To break down food into a usable form and make nutrients available for energy, growth, and repair.

What are the main body systems covered in this term?

Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, skeletal/muscular, and reproductive systems.

What is digestion?

The process of breaking down food into a usable form and making nutrients available for energy, growth, and repair.

What is mechanical digestion?

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

What is chemical digestion?

The breakdown of food through chemical processes, such as enzymes.

What do all cells need to survive?

Oxygen, nutrients, and the removal of waste products.

What is a unicellular organism? Provide examples.

An organism made up of a single cell; examples include bacteria and yeast.

What is a multicellular organism? Provide examples.

An organism made up of multiple cells; examples include humans, animals, and plants.

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

To bite, chew, and taste food, and to produce saliva that begins the breakdown of starches.

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

To further break down food using acids and enzymes.

What is the role of the small intestine?

To absorb nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

What is the function of the large intestine?

To absorb water and form waste products for elimination.

What are accessory organs in the digestive system?

Organs such as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas that aid in digestion but are not part of the digestive tract.

What is the function of teeth in the digestive system?

To mechanically break down food into smaller pieces for easier digestion.

What is the importance of the circulatory system?

To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

What does the excretory system do?

To remove waste products from the body and regulate water balance.

What is the role of the skeletal system?

To provide structure, support, and protection for the body, as well as facilitate movement.

What is the function of the muscular system?

To enable movement of the body and maintain posture.

What is the reproductive system responsible for?

To produce offspring and ensure the continuation of species.

What is the primary purpose of the digestive system?

To break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

What role do enzymes play in chemical digestion?

Enzymes facilitate the breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed.

Name two types of enzymes involved in digestion.

Amylase (breaks down carbohydrates) and protease (breaks down proteins).

What is the general function of teeth in the digestive system?

Teeth mechanically break down food into smaller pieces to facilitate digestion.

Why do humans have different shapes, sizes, and numbers of teeth?

Different teeth are adapted for various functions, such as cutting, tearing, and grinding food.

What is the main function of the small intestine?

To absorb nutrients and water from digested food into the bloodstream.

What are villi and their role in the small intestine?

Villi are small finger-like projections that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

How long is the small intestine?

Approximately 20 feet (6 meters) long.

Why is it called the small intestine?

It is called 'small' because of its smaller diameter compared to the large intestine.

What is the function of the duodenum?

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs.

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to aid in digestion in the small intestine.

Which liquid is responsible for breaking down fats and oils?

Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

What do villi look like?

Villi are small, finger-like projections that line the inner surface of the small intestine.

Why are the walls of villi so thin?

Thin walls allow for efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

What are some common digestive disorders?

Acid reflux, lactose intolerance, gallstones, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, appendicitis, Crohn's disease, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, and hemorrhoids.

What are the three main food groups?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What is the complex form and simple form of carbohydrates?

Complex form: carbohydrates; Simple form: simple sugars (e.g., glucose).

What is the complex form and simple form of proteins?

Complex form: proteins; Simple form: amino acids.

What is the complex form and simple form of fats?

Complex form: fats; Simple form: fatty acids and glycerol.

What is healthy eating focused on?

Enjoying a variety of nutritious foods from each food group for energy, growth, and repair.

Why do foods need to be digested?

Foods must be digested to break down complex molecules into simple forms that can be absorbed by cells.

What are the simple forms of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?

Carbohydrates: simple sugars; Proteins: amino acids; Fats: fatty acids and glycerol.

What is the primary role of the circulatory system?

To transport blood, gases, and nutrients throughout the body.

What are the main organs involved in the circulatory system?

Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

How do arteries differ from veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart.

What is the function of capillaries?

Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

Why do veins have valves?

Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood and ensure it flows towards the heart.

What is the role of the excretory system?

To remove excess and waste products from the body and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

What is the main part of the excretory system?

The Urinary System.

How do kidneys function in the excretory system?

Kidneys filter waste products from the blood and produce urine.

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and sphincter muscle.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

To provide structure, support, and protection for the body, and to facilitate movement.

What are bones primarily made of?

Compact bone, which forms the hard outer layer and reduces the overall weight of the bone.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

What is the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch muscles?

Fast twitch muscles are designed for quick bursts of energy, while slow twitch muscles are more endurance-oriented.

What role does protein play in muscle building?

Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth after exercise.

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

To produce sperm and hormones, and to facilitate fertilization.

What are the main structures of the female reproductive system?

Ovary, cervix, vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes.

What is fertilization?

The process where a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to form a zygote.

What is the significance of the heart in the circulatory system?

The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste.

How can the investigation of body systems be relevant to everyday life?

Understanding body systems can inform health choices and awareness of bodily functions.

What is the importance of safety during dissections?

To ensure respect for living creatures and to prevent injury.

What is the purpose of a flowchart in understanding blood flow through the heart?

A flowchart visually represents the pathway of blood, aiding in comprehension of circulation.

What are the symptoms and causes of arteriosclerosis?

Symptoms may include chest pain and shortness of breath; causes include high blood pressure and cholesterol.

What are the symptoms and causes of atherosclerosis?

Symptoms can include chest pain and fatigue; causes include high cholesterol and smoking.

What is the role of the sphincter muscle in the urinary system?

The sphincter muscle controls the release of urine from the bladder.

What does the Diaphragm do?

When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts so that there is more space for oxygen to enter your lungs. When you breathe out, you breathe out CO2 and your diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal state.

What's the Diaphragm?

The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by a large muscle called the diaphragm (say: DYE-uh-fram

How Does Air Enter the Respiratory System

Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth. In the nostrils, air is warmed, humidified, and filtered by tiny hairs known as cilia, which remove dust and particles

What type of blood does the right side of the heart have?

deoxygenated blood 

Nostrils

Warms and filters air through tiny hairs known as cilia which removes dust and particles

Pharynx

The common pathway for food and air

Epiglottis

Prevents food from going down the trachea

Larynx

Known as the voice box, holds vocal chords needed for speech

Trachea

Main opening or airway from the throat to the lungs

Brionchiole

There are two branches that split into each part of the lung

Respiratory system

The respiratory system plays a prominent role in the human body as it allows for gas exchange, supplies oxygen to the circulatory system to be delivered to cells and removes carbon dioxide (a waste product) from the blood.