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What was the Black Death and when did it occur?

A pandemic that occurred from 1349 to 1351, resulting in a significant portion of the population dead.

What were the preconditions that led to the Black Death?

The three-field system, the Great Famine, crop failures, and decades of overpopulation.

What remedies were used during the Black Death and which was most effective?

Remedies included aromatic amulets, doctors' robes, leeching, and lancing a bubo; the most effective was leaving town.

How did the Black Death spread?

It spread through ships sailing from the Black Sea, infested with rats and fleas that bit humans.

What were the social and economic consequences of the Black Death?

Farms declined, peasants revolted, cities rebounded, and there was a shortage of skilled artisans leading to increased prices of luxury goods.

What was the Statute of Laborers (1351)?

It limited wages to pre-plague levels and restricted peasants from leaving their masters' land.

Which social class suffered the most during the Black Death and why?

Nobles and elites suffered the most because their land lost value and children died, preventing inheritance.

What was the impact of the Black Death on urban populations?

The plague killed many in cities, but afterward, cities rebounded and prospered as wealth poured in.

What were the traditional 'containers' of monarchy during this period?

The landed nobility and the church, both of which held power and wealth.

How did the Black Death affect the power of the landed nobility and the church?

It put them on the defensive.

What was the Hundred Years' War and when did it take place?

A conflict from 1337 to 1453 that began with English kings asserting their claim to the French throne.

What were the reasons for England's early victories in the Hundred Years' War?

England was more united, better led, and utilized the longbow effectively.

What were the strengths and weaknesses of France early in the Hundred Years' War?

Strength: larger military; Weakness: infighting.

What was the significance of the Battle of Sluys?

It was an English victory that established control of the water.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Poitiers?

An English victory that captured the French King.

What was the significance of the Battle of Orleans?

A French victory that united the French under Joan of Arc.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Agincourt?

An English victory with heavy French casualties (10,000 dead) compared to English losses (500 dead).

What did the Treaty of Troyes accomplish?

It disinherited the legitimate heir, Charles VI's son (Dauphin), and proclaimed Henry V as the successor.

What was the role of the Estates General during the Hundred Years' War?

It increased the political influence of towns and controlled taxation.

What was the Jacquerie?

A major peasant revolt in 1358 caused by heavy taxation and suffering.

Who was Joan of Arc and what was her significance?

A peasant girl who claimed to have visions from God, leading France to victory and allowing Charles VII to be crowned.

What happened to Joan of Arc after her capture?

She was captured by Burgundians in 1430, sold to the English, and executed.

Who claimed the French crown and initiated the Hundred Years' War?

Edward III of England.

What significant victory revitalized English fortunes during the Hundred Years' War?

The victory at Agincourt led by Henry V.

How did Charles VII regain authority during the Hundred Years' War?

He was restored to authority thanks to Joan of Arc.

What role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years' War?

She inspired French victories and brought a sense of nationalism.

What was the purpose of the Papal Plentitude of Power?

To give the Church power over secular law.

What does the Unam Sanctum papal bull assert?

It declares that the pope holds supreme authority over both spiritual and temporal matters.

What was the significance of the Ausculta Fili letter?

It emphasized papal supremacy over kings and warned Philip IV against interference.

What conflict arose between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France?

Philip IV taxed the clergy without papal consent, leading to a struggle over ultimate authority.

What were the consequences of Philip IV's actions against Pope Boniface VIII?

Philip defied papal authority, sent troops to attack Boniface, leading to Boniface's death and weakening papal prestige.

What was Marsilius of Padua's argument in 'Defender of the Peace'?

He argued that authority in the Church should come from the people and councils, not the Pope.

What criticisms did John Wycliffe have regarding the Church?

He criticized Church wealth and corruption and advocated for the Bible's authority over papal authority.

What was Jan Huss's focus in his teachings?

He preached against papal authority and emphasized poverty and humility.

What was the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges?

A royal decree by King Charles VII that declared the French crown controlled church appointments and limited papal influence.

What impact did the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges have on the Church?

It weakened papal authority across Europe and encouraged rulers to assert control over national churches.

What was the Great (Western) Schism?

A split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 when three popes claimed power.

Why is the Great Schism sometimes referred to as the Babylonian Captivity?

It refers to the period when popes resided in France instead of Rome, seen as captivity under French influence.

What was the Conciliar Theory?

The belief that a general church council had greater authority than the pope.

What was the outcome of the Council of Constance?

It ended the Great Schism by electing a single pope.

Who was Pope Julius II and what was his nickname?

He became pope in 1503 and was nicknamed 'The Warrior Pope'.

How did Pope Julius II influence the position of the Church?

He strengthened papal authority through military actions.

What was the impact of Pope Julius II on France?

He formed a holy league against French influence in Italy.

What did the Concordat of Bologna conclude?

It established a compromise between the French crown and the papacy regarding church appointments.

What agreement was made between Pure Leox and Kins Francis of France?

It allowed the Pope to collect money from the French church and gave the French king control over bishops, strengthening royal influence over the church.

What was the impact of the agreement on Gallican Liberties?

It maintained the independence of the French church while affirming papal authority.

What were Machiavelli's political views as expressed in 'The Prince'?

He favored strong rulers who could maintain order and believed a ruler should be feared rather than loved.

What was Machiavelli's goal for Italy?

National unity and independence from foreign domination.

What did Machiavelli admire about the Roman Empire?

He admired Roman civic virtue and military discipline.

What did Machiavelli believe was necessary for Italy's unification?

A strong, ruthless leader who could draw on foreign entities.

What were contributing factors to the centralization of monarchies in Europe?

The Hundred Years' War strengthened national identity, the Black Death weakened feudal lords and the church, the Great Schism weakened papal authority, and alliances between kings and towns increased monarchs' power.

What was the War of the Roses?

An English civil war between the York (white roses) and Lancaster (red roses) factions from 1455 to 1485.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bosworth?

It ended the War of the Roses and led to the emergence of the Tudor dynasty.

How did Henry VII centralize his authority?

He reduced the power of nobles and used the royal council.

What was the impact of Henry VII's rule on England in the 16th century?

It strengthened the monarchy and led to a more stable government under the Tudors.

What was the ruling dynasty of France in the last half of the 15th century?

The Valois dynasty.

How did Charles VII help to centralize the French monarchy?

He established a permanent army, reorganized taxes, and promoted trade.

What actions did Louis XI take to centralize the French monarchy?

He expanded the royal domain and curbed the power of nobles.

What was the role of the Estates General during the last half of the 15th century?

It declined in power as the monarchy ruled with less approval and minimal role.

What are the characteristics of Renaissance art?

Realism and expression, perspective, classicism, individualism, geometrical arrangement, light and shadowing.

What techniques were commonly used in Renaissance art?

Perspective, chiaroscuro (light and shadow), oil painting, and fresco.

Who were the great masters of High Renaissance art?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

What is the significance of Leonardo da Vinci's 'Vitruvian Man'?

It is said to represent perfect symmetry and balance.

What are some notable works of Leonardo da Vinci?

'The Virgin of the Rocks', 'Mona Lisa', and 'The Last Supper'.

What does the painting 'The Last Supper' depict?

Christ's last supper with his disciples.

What are the most famous works of Michelangelo?

The sculpture 'David' and the paintings in the Sistine Chapel, including 'The Last Judgment'.

What is the significance of the Treaty of Lodi?

It was a peace treaty that helped maintain balance among the Italian states.

Who invited Charles VIII to invade Italy and why?

Ludovico Sforza invited Charles VIII to take territory for him.

What were the causes and results of the first French invasion of Italy?

Charles VIII claimed Naples and Milan, leading to Milan falling to France and Naples to Spain.

What were the causes and results of the second French invasion of Italy?

It showed vulnerability in Italy and led to further conflicts.

What were the causes and results of the third French invasion of Italy?

France attempted to dominate Italy, leading to Spanish dominance.

What did Jacob Burckhardt describe about the Renaissance?

He described it as beginning in Italy and spreading to Europe, occurring from the 14th century.

What classical elements were revived during the Renaissance?

Classical antiquity, including Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy.

How did the Renaissance transition Europe from medieval to modern times?

It shifted focus from religious identity to individualism and humanism.

What were the reasons Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Trade, wealthy patrons, preservation of classical ruins, and central geographical location.

What was the political make-up of Italy during the Renaissance?

It consisted of divided city-states such as Florence, Venice, Milan, Papal States, and Naples.

What was the effect of the political and social situation in Italy during the Renaissance?

Frequent conflicts limited outside control, allowing city-states independence and fostering military innovation.

What was the Ciompi Revolt?

A 1378 uprising of wool workers in Florence demanding better rights, reflecting class tensions.

Who was Cosimo de' Medici?

A wealthy banker and ruling figure in Florence, known for supporting the arts.

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and worldly subjects based on classical texts.

Who is considered the father of humanism?

Francesco Petrarch.

What was the focus of humanism in education?

Education, history, art, with less focus on church doctrines.

What is civic humanism?

The application of humanist principles to civic life, encouraging citizen participation in politics.

What are some important Renaissance literary works and their themes?

Boccaccio's 'The Decameron' highlights human behavior; Pisan's 'The Book of the City of Ladies' defends women's rights; Alighieri's 'The Divine Comedy' combines medieval religion with Renaissance individualism.

What is the theme of Castiglione's 'The Book of the Courtier'?

It describes the ideal Renaissance person, emphasizing well-roundedness.

What was Francesco Petrarch's contribution to the Renaissance?

He collected ancient manuscripts, revived interest in Latin, and inspired other humanists.

What is the literary work 'Canzoniere'?

A collection of sonnets and letters by Francesco Petrarch. What was the Black Death and when did it occur?

What were the preconditions that led to the Black Death?

The three-field system, the Great Famine, crop failures, and decades of overpopulation.

What remedies were used during the Black Death and which was most effective?

Remedies included aromatic amulets, doctors' robes, leeching, and lancing a bubo; the most effective was leaving town.

How did the Black Death spread?

It spread through ships sailing from the Black Sea, infested with rats and fleas that bit humans.

What were the social and economic consequences of the Black Death?

Farms declined, peasants revolted, cities rebounded, and there was a shortage of skilled artisans leading to increased prices of luxury goods.

What was the Statute of Laborers (1351)?

It limited wages to pre-plague levels and restricted peasants from leaving their masters' land.

Which social class suffered the most during the Black Death and why?

Nobles and elites suffered the most because their land lost value and children died, preventing inheritance.

What was the impact of the Black Death on urban populations?

The plague killed many in cities, but afterward, cities rebounded and prospered as wealth poured in.

What were the traditional 'containers' of monarchy during this period?

The landed nobility and the church, both of which held power and wealth.

How did the Black Death affect the power of the landed nobility and the church?

It put them on the defensive.

What was the Hundred Years' War and when did it take place?

A conflict from 1337 to 1453 that began with English kings asserting their claim to the French throne.

What were the reasons for England's early victories in the Hundred Years' War?

England was more united, better led, and utilized the longbow effectively.

What were the strengths and weaknesses of France early in the Hundred Years' War?

Strength: larger military; Weakness: infighting.

What was the significance of the Battle of Sluys?

It was an English victory that established control of the water.