Review Chapter 6-7

Anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the shape and structure of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the human body.

Anatomic position

The body standing erect with face forward, feet together, and arms at the side.

Midsagittal plane

The vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Transverse plane

The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Frontal plane

The vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk of the body.

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body.

Cells

The basic units of structure of the human body.

Cell membrane

Surrounds the cell and controls the substances that flow in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like fluid inside the cell.

Nucleus

The "control center" of the cell containing chromosomes and DNA.

Epithelial tissue

Forms a covering for the external and internal body surfaces.

Connective tissue

The major support material of the body that connects organs and tissues.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that has the ability to lengthen and shorten to move body parts.

Nerve tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; responsible for coordinating body activities.

Body system

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

Skeletal system

Composed of bones, providing structure and support to the body.

Muscular system

Composed of muscles that facilitate movement.

Cardiovascular system

Composed of the heart and blood vessels, transporting blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic system

A system that helps fight disease and maintain fluid balance.

Nervous system

The communication system of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Respiratory system

Delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive system

Responsible for the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of food.

Endocrine system

A network of glands that control growth and metabolism through hormones.

Urinary system

Responsible for the elimination of waste and regulation of water balance.

Integumentary system

The skin system, the largest organ of the body, providing a barrier against the environment.

Ventral cavity

The front cavity of the body, subdivided into thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Dorsal cavity

The back cavity of the body, divided into cranial and spinal cavities.

Axial skeleton

Composed of 80 bones, including the skull and spinal column.

Appendicular skeleton

Composed of 126 bones, including the limbs and pelvic area.

Periosteum

The connective tissue covering the surfaces of bones.

Osteoblasts

Cells associated with bone formation.

Compact bone

Hard, dense bone forming the outer layer of bone.

Cancellous bone

Lighter, less dense bone found inside the bone.

Bone marrow

Gelatinous material that produces blood cells.

Joints

Areas where two bones come together, allowing movement.

Fibrous joints

Joints that do not move.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints that move slightly.

Synovial joints

Joints that move in many directions.

Arthritis

Inflammation of a joint.

Osteoporosis

Age-related disease characterized by loss of bone density.

Skeletal muscle

Striated muscle attached to bones, allowing voluntary movement.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs.

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle found in the heart.

Muscle origin

The point where a muscle begins.

Muscle insertion

The point where a muscle ends.

Pericardium

The double-walled sac enclosing the heart.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels connecting arteries and veins.

Plasma

The fluid component of blood that transports nutrients and waste.

Thrombocytes

Also known as platelets, involved in blood clotting.

Lymph nodes

Structures that produce antibodies and fight disease.

Cervical nodes

Major lymph nodes located in the neck.

Tonsils

Lymphatic tissue in the throat that helps protect against infection.

Spleen

The largest lymphoid organ, involved in filtering blood.

Lymphadenopathy

Swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes.

Central nervous system (CNS)

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Composed of cranial and spinal nerves.

Epilepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by seizures.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease affecting the lungs.

Gastroesophageal reflux

Backward flow of gastric juices into the esophagus.

Diabetes mellitus

A chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.

Renal failure

Loss of kidney function.

The human body has four structural units, simplest to the most complex, cells, tissues, organs and body system

Flashcard Front:What are the four structural units of the human body, arranged from simplest to most complex?

Flashcard Back:The four structural units are:

1. Cells

2. Tissues

3. Organs

4. Body systems

Tissues are organized into four broad categories based on structural and functional similarities and are identified as: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.

Front: Types of tissue in the body

Back: Organized into four broad categories based on structural and functional similarities:

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nerve tissue

what are the 11 system of the human body?

Front: What are the 11 systems of the human body?

Back:

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

what are the 2 main body cavities?

Front:What are the two main body cavities?

Back:

1. ventral cavity

2. dorsal cavity

what are the 2 major body regions?

The body has two major regions:

1. Axial Region: Includes the head, neck, and trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis).

2. Appendicular Region: Comprises the limbs (arms and legs) and their attachments to the axial region.

what are the three basic types of joints classified by their range of movement?

Front: Three basic types of joints classified by their range of movement.

Back:

1. Fibrous joints - Limited or no movement (e.g., sutures in the skull).

2. Cartilaginous joints - Slightly movable (e.g., intervertebral discs).

3. Synovial joints- Freely movable (e.g., knee, elbow).

what are the three main types of muscle?

Front: Types of Muscle

Back: These are the three main categories of muscle tissue:

1. Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary, striated, attached to bones for movement.

2. Cardiac Muscle - Involuntary, striated, found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

3. Smooth Muscle - Involuntary, non-striated, located in walls of hollow organs, controls movements like digestion.

the cardiovascular system is composed of?

Flashcard Front:What is the main structure consisting of a heart, blood vessels, and blood that is responsible for circulating nutrients and oxygen throughout the body?

Flashcard Back:

1. arteries

2. veins

3. capillaries

Structures of the lymphatic system includes?

1. lymph vessels

2. lymph nodes

3. lymph fluid

4. lymphoid organs