Memory (Tomas Ryan lecture 1)

memory is a change in … due to … and must involve a physical chane in the …

behaviour, experience, brain

in the context of memory loss, decay weakens … … over time

neural connections

proactive interferance happens when … memories hinder the recall of … information

old, new

retroactive interferance happens when … information causes the loss of … memories

new, old

4 types of memory

1. sensory

2. working

3. short term

4. long term

what type of memory briefly holds raw sensory input?

sensory

what type of memory temporarily stores information?

short term

what type of memory actively processes and manipulates information?

working

what type of memory stores knowledge, skills and experiences?

long term

two types of long term memory?

declarative and nondeclarative

declarative (…) memory is a conscious recall of …, … and …

explicit, facts, events and locations

nondeclarative (…) memory is the unconscious, automatic recall of …, … and …

implicit, skills, habits and conditioning

which two types of memory are unconscious?

sensory and long term nondeclarative

through which process are each of the following types of memory lost?

1. sensory

2. working

3. short term

4. long term (declarative and nondeclarative)

1. decay

2. decay and interference

3. decay and interference

4. interference

the … … system is described as the memory system which mediates improvement in … and … a stimulus as the result of its having been observed previously

perceptual representation, identifying and processing

divisions of nondeclarative (implicit) memory

1. procedural memory

2. perceptual representation system

3. classical conditioning

4. nonassociative learning

two processes as part of the nonassociative conditioning in implicit memory?

habituation and sensitisation

procedural memory includes … and … skills

motor and cognitive

divisions of declarative (explicit) memory

episodic and semantic

which type of memory is used to recall specific personal experiences from a particular time and place?

episodic

what type of memory is used to recall world knowledge, object knowledge and language knowledge?

semantic

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model:

… input → … … → … storage → … storage

sensory input → sensory register → short term storage → long term storage

what is neccesary for information to be selected to move from the sensory register to short term memory in the Atkinson and Schiffrin model?

attention

what is necessary for information to move from short term to long term memory in the Atkinson and Schiffrin model?

rehersal

two models of memory

Atkinson and Schiffrin and Baddeley and Hitch

the Baddeley and Hitch model is a representation of the … memory

working

the … … is a limited capacity component in the Baddeley and Hitch model that acts as a … multimodal … system

episodic buffer, temporary, storage

in the Baddeley and Hitch model working memory has … parts where a … … part controls two subordinate systems: the … … and the … …

3, central executive, phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

which part of the working memory encodes information phonologically?

phonological loop

which part of the working memory encodes information visually?

visuospatial sketchpad

in the Baddeley and Hitch mode, the … of information processed is critical in determining the … regions recruited

type, brain

a memory engram is a … and … change in the brain region that stores a specific memory

physical and chemical

anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new …- term … memories while past memories and …-term memory remain intact

long, episodic, short

after H.M. got his hippocampus removed, he suffered from … amnesia for explicit … memories, however his …-term memory was intact

anterograde, episodic, short

how was procedural memory in patient H.M.?

intact and functional

how was H.M.’s new semantic memory?

impaired

how was H.M.’s old semantic memory?

intact

various … inputs converge whithin the … region before being passed on to the …

cortical, parahippocampal, hippocampus

after information is processed in the … it can be fed back via the … region to the same areas of the … that the original input came from

hippocampus, parahippocampal, cortex

the Hebbian theory is summarised as “neurons that … together, … together”

fire, wire

a Hebbian cell assembly is a network of … that strengthens its … connections through repeated and simultaneous …, forming the neurological basis for …

neurons, synaptic, activation, memory

… … … (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of … between neurons based on recent and high-frequency activity

long term potentation, synapses

… … is the brain’s ability to strengthen or weaken … connections between neurons over time in response to activity

synaptic plasticity, synaptic

… plasticity describes the ability of the … system to be modified after birth

neuronal, nervous

LTP IN ASSOCIATION WITH NMDA AND AMPA RECEPTORS

1. … binds to both receptors, … channels open and allow … influx causing small depolarisations, … receptors are blocked by a … ion

2. when the postsynaptic neuron is strongly depolarised, the … block is removed allowing … and … influx

3. … ions act as secondary messeners to start the LTP process

4. … causes molecular cascades which increase … receptor density in the postsynaptic membrane

5. this means the synapse is stronger as the same amount of … results in a larger … response

1. glutamate, AMPA, sodium, NMDA, magnesium

2. magnesium, sodium and calcium

3. calcium

4. calcium, AMPA

5. glutamate, postsynaptic

hippocampal NMDA receptors are cruicial for endoding recall of … memory

spatial

… NMDA receptors are cruicial for encoding spatial memory

hippocampal

… amnesia is the inability to form new long term memories while … amnesia is the loss of pre-existing memories

anterograde, retrograde

protein synthesis inhibitor

anisomycin

the formation of new memories requires the formation of new … to strengthen synapses

proteins

… phase long term potentation is dependent on de novo … … and … …

late, protein synthesis and gene transcription

… phate LTP involves … of existing proteins but … phase LTP involves … of new proteins

early, modifications, late, synthesis

… is a light sensitive … channel that when intorduced into neurons allows for precise control of … activity using … (it can … neurons)

channelrhodopsin, ion, neural, light, activate

… is a light activated … pump used in optogenetics to … neurons

halorhodopsin, chloride, inactivate

the … … is one of the components of working memory as is a temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of … so that events occur in a continuing …

episodic buffer, time, sequence

… and … use the same part of the brain which explains why most amnesic patients imagine with less details

imagination and memory