Cultural Geography Test 1

Ptolemy

Cartographer, his maps were used all over the world and were very popular.

T and O Maps

Spiritual maps, not meant for navigation. Shows the path to salvation

Portolan charts

Navigational maps mostly showing regions of the sea.

al Idrisi

Islamic map-maker, updated the Middle East region on Ptolemy’s map

Zheng He

Explorer from China, journeyed all across the Indian Ocean

European explorers

Dias - Around Africa in 1488

Columbus - North America

Da Gama - India

Magellan - Around the World

Cook - Pacific

Environmental determinism

Idea that the environment determines the culture, popular idea in the 1800s

Choropleth Maps

Shades or colors to represent values

Graduated-circle maps

Various sized circles to show values

Isoline Maps

Lines that connect points to the same value

Dot density maps

Uses dots to represent a specified value in a certain area

Flow line maps

Uses lines of varying thickness to show direction and quantity

Cartogram maps

Distorts the area of features based on the value of a variable

Types of Regions

formal, functional, perceptual

Formal regions

Identified by mapping one or more human or physical features

Functional regions

They are delineated by a central place or node

Perceptual regions

Also called vernacular regions, based on subjective criteria of individuals

Tobler’s Law

States that things closer together are more alike than things that are farther apart

Types of spatial diffusion

Relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion

Relocation diffusion

Occurs when people move to a new location and take their ideas and possessions with them. The number of people doesn’t change, but where they are used changes.

Expansion Diffusion

Broken down into contagious and hierarchical diffusion.

Contagious Diffusion

when a characteristic spreads from person to person on the basis of proximity.

Hierarchical Diffusion

when something spreads from a person of power and influence

Current world population

8.1 billion

Global population clusters

South Asia, East Asia

Crude birth rate

The amount of people born in an area per 1000

Crude death rate

The amount of people that die in an area per 1000

Population growth rate

Percentage of how fast a population is growing

Total fertility rate

The number of babies being born on average

Infant mortality rates

Amount of babies dying before age 5

Life expectancy

The average expected lifetime

Replacement rate

2.1

Demographic Transition Stages

Stage 1: Low growth

Stage 2: High growth

Stage 3: Moderate growth

Stage 4: Low growth

Stage 5: Low or Zero population growth (ZPG)

Graying of the world population

The average age across the globe is increasing as we are getting older.

Dependency ratios

The number of people who are working vs. the number of people who are not

Demographic dividend

Occurs when a country with previously high birth and death rates transitions to one with low birth and death rates.

Problems with too many young people

Not enough jobs for everyone to work

Problems with too many old people

Not enough people working

Pro-natal policies

Incentives to have children

Disincentives to not having children

Anti-natal policies

One child per couple

Contraception, abortion, and sterilizations free

Ravenstein’s Laws

Most migrants only move a short distance, long distance migrants move to big cities, more women migrate, migration is mostly economic

US immigration over time

Major wave between 1815 and 1851, Ellis Islan opened 1892, most from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Immigration in Europe

Out of 446.7 million, 23.8 million were non-EU citizens

Refugees

Non refoulment. They had many rights including the ability to work, housing, education, public relief and assistance, and freedom of religion

Push and Pull factors

Push factors are to push you out and pull factors draw you in

Race

Divided into distinct groups based on inherited physical and behavioral differences

Ethnicity

Refers to people with the same national, racial, or cultural origins

US census changes

Started out as just white or black. Now, there are many choices that provide a lot more depth.

Do all countries gather census data?

No

Location Quotient

Value above or below 1. Proportion of ethnic group in census tract divided by the total population of the area.

Redlining

Neighborhoods outlined based on how good or bad. Loans are given according to redlining.