AICP Exam History

Who was the first town planner, as considered by Aristotle? Hippodamus - inventor of the orthogonal grid urban layout

Earliest urban planning texts 10 Books of Architecture by Vitruvius (Roman) - discusses physical layouts for military encampments and cities - regular grid consists of four quadrants bisected by a cross axis (Rennaissance) - modified for use in the New World Spanish colonies by Phillip II during the late 16th century in the Spanish Law of the Indies (San Antonio Texax, Los Angeles)

William Penn laid out the basic patterns of early coloniol Philadelhia in 1682 as a rectangular grid with streets crossing each other at a central square - four quadrants each with green space in form of a small park

Francis Nicholson - street design for Annapolis in 1695 with modiied Baroque plan (radiocentric rather than grid)

James Ogelthorp developed Savannah Plan in 1733 (Ward System four larger residential blocks (10 houses) and four smaller civic or retail blocks ,seperated by small alleys

Land Ordinance of 1785 Promoted by Thomas Jefferson - begining of the rectangualr public land survey system - just after Revolutionary War - for weak federal government to sell off western territories to pay for Rev War debt

Pierre L'Enfant New US Capital in 1791 - grid system bisected by radial streets - specifies that most streets would be in a grid - However, L'Enfant's plan was unrealized until 1902 when McMillan Commission used his report to recommend redesign , which incorporated City Beautiful (Daniel Burnham was one of the members) , though never realized it is part of the policy for the capital city

Erie Canal 1807-1825 to connect the East Coast past the Appalachian Mountains

1869 Frederick Law Olmstead Senior and Calvin Vaux Riverside Illinois - first suburb with curvilenear streets

George Pullman Pullman Illinois in 1880 as a model industrial town for employees of his railroad car company

Jacob Riis In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s.

Children of the Poor in 1892

Columbian Exposition Held in 1893 in the city of Chicago, it's purpose was to display the White City's downtown area and the fairgrounds along with the progress of American civilization such as new industrial technologies.

Headed by Daniel Burnham

Frederick Law Olmstead Sr was on the team

City Beautiful - utilized European Beaux Arts

Ebenezer Howard - author of "Tomorrow:

A Peaceful Path To Social Reform"

Garden City Movement - concentric pattern with open spaces and wide radial boulevards extending out from center - self sufficient and then when it reached capacity another one would open nearby

First National conference on city planning 1909 in Washington DC represented transition to planning by professional planners

Plan of Chicago Daniel BUrnham and Edward Bennett 1909 Plan of Chicago - monumental city design and City Beautiful

Radiant City Le Corbusier

High density skyscrapers surroudned by open park spaces and high speed vehicular routes in superblock arrangements

Concentric Zone Theory Burgess: A theory of urban growth that sees growth in terms of a series of rings radiating from the central business district.

Radburn NJ 1929 Stein and Wright - based on Ebenzer Howard's Garden City concepts

Neighborhood Unit Concept 1929: Clarence Perry

Frank Lloyd Wright Broadacre City

Automobile-oriented development "The disappearing city"

forerunner of today's sprawling suburbs

Central Place Theory Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

Tennessee Valley Authority Created in 1933: New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce cheap electric power

Resettlement Administration 1935, New Deal program that helped resettle destitute farmers on better land and unemployed workers in planned communities after the dust bowl

Rexford Tugwell

Greenbelt Towns

The Sector Theory Home Hoyt: Theory of city evolution, modification of concentric zone model

Multiple Nuclei Model Harris and Ullman 1945: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities, rather than one central business district

Nixon Administration Environmental regulations (EPA)

Johnson's Great Society set of programs proposed by President Johnson to eliminiate poverty and racial injustice.

Seaside, Florida -1979

-Architect: Robert Davis, Andres Duany

-New urbanism in rejection of modernism

Cities in Evolution 1916 - Patrick Geddes - introduction to town planning movement - father of regional planning - preserve historic character

Neighborhood Unit 1929 - Clarence Perry - monograph saying that cities should be aggregates of smaller units - center school in the neihgborhood so child's walk to school was 0.25 to 0.5 miles and did not need to cross streets - sized to support a school

The Death and Life of Great American Cities • by Jane Jacobs

• blames urban planning policy for destroying city neighbourhoods

1960s

Image of the City Kevin Lynch 1960s

Paths that people take, imageability,

The City in History 1961 Lewis Mumford

The Social Life of Small Urban Places 1980 William Whyte

Edge City 1991 Joel Garreau

more jobs than bedrooms, 500 sf or more of office space

did not exist 30 years earlier

Rise of the Creative Class 2002 Richard Florida

creative people drive urban growth

Fathers of Modern Planning Patrick Geddes - Regional Planning

Edward Bassett - American Zoning

Daniel Burnham - City Planning

Lawrence Veiller Modern Housing Code

Ian McHarg - Ecological Planning

Paul Davidoff - Advocacy Planning

Saul Alinsky advocate of community organizing. American democracy. published Rules for Radicals,

Jane Jacobs A journalist and activist who fought to preserve the character of New York neighborhoods (especially Greenwich Village) against excessive development and highway building.

Norman Krumholtz Equity Planning

Andres Duany New Urbanism and Form Based Code

Transect/SmartCode

Peter Calthorpe One of the founders of Congress for New Urbanism

Developer of the concept of Transit Oriented Development

First National Park Yellowstone 1872

First National Wildlife Refuge 1903 Pelican Island Florida

First City subway Boston 1897

First U.S. Transcontinental Highway Lincoln Highway - 1913

1st Limited Access Highway - Bronx River Parkway 1926

1st zoning ordinance? 1916 NYC

1st comprehensive plan Cincinnati 1925

1st Regional Planning Commission Los Angeles County 1922

First planning commission Hartford, CT 1907

History of APA Traces its roots to 1909 at the first national conference on city planning, but created in 1978 (AIP of 1917 + ASPO of 1934)