Ch. 22 Respiratory System McGraw-Hill

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal Cavity

Larynx

Pharynx

What is the function of pleural fluid?

Reduces friction between membranes

The ___________________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Base

Which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Movement of the tongue and elevation of the larynx

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing.

Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

The central _________________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptors

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45

Alkalosis

Place the airways in order of airflow as it enters the lungs.

Primary Bronchus

Secondary Bronchus

Tertiary Bronchus

Terminal Bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchioles

Alveolar Ducts

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called __________________.

Inspiration

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?

Blood oxygen saturation, Blood pH, and Blood carbon dioxide saturation

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate.

Nasopharynx

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

Vocal cords and Vocal folds

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell

The ___________ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

conducting

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

Diaphragm and Intercostals

The central chemoreceptors detect

pH of the CSF

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect

oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood

The stretch receptors detect

Inflation of the lungs

The irritant receptors detect

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus.

The _______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

Right

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus

Right

Describe what happens during exhalation.

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, and air flows out.

The __________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.

Epiglottis

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Supplies the body with oxygen, functions in vocalization and speech, plays a role in regulating blood pressure, and assists in the removal of carbon dioxide.

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Tidal Volume

What are the components of a respiratory membrane?

Endothelial cell of capillary, Type I (squamous) alveolar cell, one shared basement membrane.

Active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates unloading of oxygen. Because of this more oxygen is released to the tissues with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the _________________ effect.

Bohr

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

Lobe

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

What are the functions of the larynx

To keep food and drink out of the airway and to produce sound

The _______ _______ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

Inspiratory Reserve

Where is the trachea located

Anterior to the esophagus

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal chonchae?

Cleansed, warmed, and humidified

What causes hypoxemic hypoxia?

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange, it is a state of low arterial PO2

What causes ischemic hypoxia?

Inadequate circulation of blood

What causes anemic hypoxia

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

What causes histotoxic hypoxia?

Metabolic poison such as cyanide prevents the tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are principal organs of which system?

Respiratory

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity.

Vital

Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium?

Mucous, Goblet Cells, Cilia, Stratified Columnar Cells

Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?

Residual Volume

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ____________.

Carbonic Anhydrase

The nasal septum is composed of which types of tissue?

Bone and Hyaline Cartilage

___________ is a general term for a drop in pH of blood below 7.35

acidosis

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Describe oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it

Describe Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

Describe carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

Describe carbaminohemoglobin

compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

True or False: The respiratory control centers of the brain are involved in voluntary respiration

False

When the diaphragm relaxes air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as ______________________.

Expiration

What two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

Lung compliance and diameter of bronchioles

Where is the larynx located?

Between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

The posterior nasal apertures are also called ________.

Choanae

Which structures within the larynx are responsible for generating sound?

Vocal folds and vocal cords

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the _____ of the lungs.

alveoli

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Describe the respiratory cycle

One complete inspiration and expiration

What reduces pulmonary compliance?

Tuberculosis

What does the respiratory system do?

Supplies the body with oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, plays a role in regulating blood pressure, and functions in vocalization and speech

How many lobes make up the left lung?

Two

The _______ lung has three lobes and two fissures

Right

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

Serous

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing __ breathing

Quiet

In which forms is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Carbaminohemoglobin, Dissolved Gas, and Bicarbonate Ion

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _____ dissolved in the plasma

bicarbonate

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within what?

Laryngopharynx

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur??

Respiratory Division

What is the flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing?

Epiglottis

Where are the sensory receptors for smell located?

Olfactory Epithelium

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

The ________ is the rounded superior peak of the lung

Apex

What occurs during exhalation?

Lung volume decreases and intrapulmonary pressure increases

Describe squamous-cell carcinoma

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Describe Adenocarcinoma

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Describe small-cell carcinoma

Originates in main bronchi but quickly invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

ERV + TV + IRV

Vital Capacity

What occurs during the chloride shift in red blood cells?

Chloride ions are transported into the RBC and bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC

Which factors decrease affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Increased temperature and increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBCs

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?

Tertiary bronchus

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the:

Right Primary Bronchus

The _________ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

A procedure called a _________ involves making an incision within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.

Tracheotomy

What decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

Decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue and decreased blood pH

What term refers to one complete breath, in and out?

Respiratory Cycle

Why do lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ________.

Cyanosis

The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together what two volumes?

Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

The heme group

What term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Anatomical Dead Space

True or False: The Pleural Cavity contains the Lungs

False

The sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _____ capacity.

Inspiratory

The _______ tonsils are found in the nasopharynx.

Pharyngeal

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues?

Binding of protons to hemoglobin

Lower PO2 in tissue fluid

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the _______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

Medial

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues