Chp 6 Bones and Tissue

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage, provides support, flexibility, and resilience, contains collagen fibers only

articular (joints), costal (ribs), respiratory (larynx), nasal cartilage (nose tip)

where is hyaline cartilage usually found?

elastic cartilage

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

external ear and epiglottis

where is elastic cartilage usually found?

fibrocartilage

thick collagen: great tensile strength

menisci of knee; vertebral discs

where is fibrocartilage cartilage usually found?

support: body and soft organs
protection: brain, spinal chord, vital organs
movement: levers for muscle action
mineral and growth factor storage: calcium and phosphorus and growth factors reservoir
blood cell formation: hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavitites of certain bones
triglyceride (fat) storage: fat, used as energy source stored in bone cavities
hormone production: osteocalcin helps to regulate insulin, secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

7 functions of the bones

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

206

how many named bones in the human skeleton is there?

axial and appendicular

2 main groups bones are broken into

axial skeleton

Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
80 bones

appendicular skeleton

bones of upper and lower limbs
girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

tissues

bones are organs because they contain different types of _______

nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle cells, epithlelial cells in its blood vessels
osceous tissue (is main thing in a bone)

what do bones contain? (6 things)

compact bone

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

spongey

made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

red or yellow bone marrow

open spaces between trabeculae are filled with...

hematopoietic tissue

red bone marrow

red marrow

found in cavities of spongy bone

medullary cavity, and all spongy bone

in newborns, contains red marrow

heads of femur and humerus, most active areas of hematopoiesis: flat bone, and some irregular bones (hip bone)

in adults where is red marrow located?

anemic

When a person becomes _____ yellow marrow can convert to red

22, sutures

the skull is made up of ____ bones joined together by ______

cranal cavity

cranial bones surround the _____ ______ and are in contact with the meninges

eight

the cranial cavity is made up of ____ bones

meninges

wrappings of the brain

calvaria

skull cap

teeth, nasal cavity, orbit

facial bones support _____ and form ______ _____ and ______

14

how many bones make up the facial?

no

do the facial bones have direct contact with the brain or meninges?

attachement of facial and jaw muscles

what do the facial bones attach?

frontal bones, frontal

forms forehead and part of roof of cranium
forms roof of the orbit
contains ______ sinus
1 bone

orbit

bones around the eye

parietal bones

forms cranial roof and part of its lateral walls
marked by temportal lines where temporalis muscle attaches
2 bones

temporal bones

forms part of cranial floor
part of tmj: temporal mandibular joint
houses middle and inner ear cavities
2 bones

occipital bone, occipital

rear and much of base of skull
foramen magnum holds spinal chord
skull rests on atlas at _______ condyles
nuchal lines mark neck muscles (hold head upright)
1 bone

foramen magnum

great hold

sphenoid bone

houses pituitary gland
protection for optic nerve
1 bone

ethmoid bone

found between orbital cavities
forms lateral walls and roof of nasal cavity
perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum
smell cells
1 bone

maxillary bones

forms upper jaw- sockets hold teeth
helps form wall of orbit
forms anterior 2/3's of hard palate
2 bones

palatine bones

posterior 1/3 of hard palate
part of lateral nasal wall
part of orbital floor
separates oral and nasal cavity
2 bones

zygomatic bones

forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall
2 bones

lacrimal bones

form part of medial wall of each orbit
houses lacrimal sac
2 bones

lacrimal sac

tears collect here and drain into nasal cavity

nasal bones

forms bridge of nose and supports cartilages of nose
often fractured by blow to the nose
2 bones

inferior nasal conchae

separates bones
2 bones

vomer

inferior half of nasal septum
supports cartilage of nasal septum
1 bone

mandible

only bone of skull that can move
articulates with the temporal bone
holds lower teeth
attachment of muscles of mastication (chewing)
foramen
1 bone

foramen

holes for blood vessels and nerves

malleus- hammer
incus- anvil
stapes- stirrup

auditory ossicles

hyoid bone

between chin and larynx
tongue muscles for swallowing and chewing
forensics

fontanels

spaces between unfused skull bones that allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain in infancy

2 years

When do your fontanels fuse together?

6 years

When do your 2 frontal bones fuse together?

8 or 9

what age does the skull reach adult size? This causes the heads of children to be larger in proportion to the trunk

33

how many vertabrae and discs of fibrocartilage between them are there?

5

how many vertabral groups are there?

7

number of cervical vertabrae in the neck

12

number of thoracic vertebrae in the chest

5

number of lumbar vertabra in the lower back

5

number of sacral fused vertabra into the sacrum

4

number of coccygeal vertabrae fused into the coccyx

coccyx

tailbone; single small triangular bone
4 small vertebrae fused by age of 30
Co1 to Co4

c- shaped curve, primary curvature

what shape is a newborn's spine, and what is this called?

S, 4

adults have ____ shaped vertebral columns with ___ curvatures

secondary curvature

_______ curvature develops after birth

cervical

when the child starts lifting its head as it begins to crawl it develops a _______ curvature

lumbar

when a child starts walking upright it develops a __________ curvature

abnormal spinal curvatures

resutls from disease, posture, paralysis, or congenital defect

scoliosis

from lack of proper development of one vertebrae; left to right curve

kyphosis

hunchback; from osteoporosis, in your upper back

osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily

lordosis

from weak abdomincal muscles, lower back

they all have the same body, all have a vertebral foramen, and have same processes

what do all general vertebral structures have in common?

spongy bone, red marrow, weight bearing, irregular shaped bones

what kind of body do general vertebral structures have?

passage of the spinal chord (in cervical vertebrae's they have three foramen-holes- the two on teh sides let blood vessels go through them)

what is the vertebral foramen for?

spinous process- what you feel when you press on someone's spine
transverse process- the parts that stick out to the side
articular process- (superior and interior) they grip on to what's above/below, hard to see

List and explain the three different processes general vertebral structures have

small body and larger vertebral foramen
3 holes

what are 2 characteristics of typical cervical vertabrae?

atlas (C1)

supports the skull, flat profile, concave superioe articular facet, nod head "yes"

axis (C2)

dens or ondontoid process is held in place inside the vertebral foramen of _____ by ligaments, allows rotation of the head "no"

dens (odontoid process)

acts as pivot for rotation of atlas and the skull

more massive body than cervical but smaller than lumbar
spinous processes are pointed and angled downward
rib attachment (costal facets for articulation of ribs)

characteristics of the typical thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

thick stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process
superior articular processes face medially
resists twisting movements

articulate

to form a joint

sacrum (anterior view)

5 separate sacral vertebra fuse by age 26
anterior surface: smoothe and concave, 4 transverse lines indicate line of fusion in vertebrae

sacrum (posterior view)

rough surface of sacrum, spinous and transverse processes have fused into sacral crests
sacrioliac joints (SI)

Coccyx

provides attachment site for muscles of pelvic floor
fractured by fall or during childbirth

thoracic cage

consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
attachment site for pectoral girdles and many limb muscles
protects many organs
expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into lungs

24; 12 pairs

how many ribs are there in total? and how many pairs?

straight line connects to cartilage
smoothe superior (smoothe side up)
rough part connects to the vertebrae
underside of the rib has a groove and that goes downward

how can you tell which rib is the right and which is the left?

true ribs (1-7)

attach directly to sternum with hyaline

false ribs (8-12)

aren't directly attached to sternum

they're floating and not attached to sternum

why are 11 and 12 ribs special?

pectoral girdle

attaches upper extremity to the body
scapula and clavicle
clavicle attaches medially to the sternum and laterally to the scapula

sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint

What 2 joints involve the clavicle?

humeroscapular joint

scapula articulates with humerus
(shoulder joint)
easily dislocated bec of its loose attachment

clavicle

s-shaped bone
sternal end is rounded, acromial end is flattened
aka collar bone

superior side is smoother, groove is on botton
chunky end towards the middle and the flat end is out
curves OUT from the sternum

how do you know your left clavicle from your right?