Chapter 15 (GVSU BMS 208)

What are the four regions of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

cerebrum function

thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

cerebrum

largest part of the brain

brainstem

responsible for automatic survival functions

cerebellum

Balance and coordination

ganglia

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

white mater

myelinated axons

gray mater

nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites.

cerebral nuclei

internal clusters of gray matter embedded within masses of white matter

gyrus

folds or bumps on the surface of the cerebrum
increases surface area

sulcus

narrow groove on the surface of the brain in the cerebral cortex

longitudinal fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

fissue

deep groove

frontal lobe function

higher intellectual functions (concentration, decision making, planning), personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

parietal lobe function

sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech and formation of words to express thoughts and emotions

temporal lobe function

interpretation and storage of auditory and olfactory sensations, understanding speech

occipital lobe function

conscious perception of visual stimuli,
integration of eye-focusing movements, correlation of
visual images with pervious visual experiences

insula function

memory and interpretation of taste

pre-central gyrus function

primary motor cortex

post-central gyrus function

primary somatosensory cortex

frontal lobe location

parietal lobe location

temporal lobe location

occipital lobe location

insula lobe location

pre-central gyrus location

in frontal lobe

post-central gyrus location

in parietal lobe

cerebral nuclei function

gives us our muscle rhythm, subconsciously regulates contractile activity

corpus callosum location

corpus callosum function

Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain, how action potential travel between hemispheres

thalamus location

pair of oval masses of gray matter

thalamus function

relay station for sensory impulses, pain

Hypothalamus location

hypothalamus function

autonomic control (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)
emotions/behavioral drives (aggression, fear, content, sex drive, thirst center)
endocrine (hormones)
body temperature

Epithalamus location

contains the pineal gland

epithalamus function

secretes melatonin

midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

corpora quadrigemina of midbrain

coordinates visual and auditory reflexes

superior colliculus of midbrain

receives visual sensory input

inferior colliculus of midbrain

receives auditory sensory input

pons

contains sensory and motor tracts that connect brain to spinal cord
brainstem nuclei, respiratory muscles (rhythm)

medulla oblongata

brainstem nuclei, vital centers for control
of respiratory rate and cardiac function (heart rate/strength)
has sensory and motor tracts
gagging and vomiting center

cerebellum function

fine tuning of skilled voluntary motor activity to produce smooth, accurate movements
balance, equilibrium, and skilled movement

meninges function

protect brain and spinal cord

pia mater

deepest meninge, follows every contour of the brain

arachnoid mater

middle meninge, collagen and elastin fiber, spider web look

dura mater

made up of tough fibrous connective tissue, made up of the periosteal layer (creates periosteum of skull bone)

subarachnoid space

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

dural folds

Folded inner layer of dura mater
Extend into cranial cavity
Stabilize and support brain

subdural space

below the dura mater
potential space (if you have a head injury
the blood goes into the subdural space)

falx cerebri

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

tentorium cerebelli

horizontal dural fold over cerebellum and in transverse fissure

falx cerebelli

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

ventricles of the brain

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

lateral ventricles

Ventricles located in each cerebral hemisphere

third ventricle

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

fourth ventricle

between pons and cerebellum

interventricular foramen

opening that connects the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

cerebral spinal fluid

made by choroid plexus

CSF function

buoyancy (supports 95% of the weight of the brain), protection (liquid cushion for brain tissue), chemical stability (transports nutrients to brain and waste away from brain)

Hydrocephalus

accumulation of CSF in the spaces of the brain