Halacha Terms Y4 24-25 May

When do ספרדים start waking up before dawn to recite סליחות?

From ב’ אלול until יום הכפורים.

When do אשכנזים start waking up before dawn to recite סליחות when ראש השנה falls out on Thursday or Shabbat?(סימן תקפ"א סעיף א)

The Sunday before ראש השנה.

What does one need to say before learning תורה?

ברכות התורה

When do אשכנזים start to blow the שופר?

From ראש חודש אלול

How many people does one need in order to say something that is considered דבר שבקדושה?

10

Are the י"ג מדות considered a דבר שבקדושה?

Yes

Is a יחיד allowed to recite the י"ג מדות?

Only if one will say them with their proper טעמים.

נדרים – Hatarat Nedarim

Explain the term התרת נדרים.

Absolving an oath

When do we do התרת נדרדים?

On ערב ראש השנה. However, the Syrian custom is to do התרת נדרים three times: 40 days before ראש השנה, prior to ראש השנה and prior to יום הכפורים.

What allows one to cook/prepare for Shabbat on a Friday which is a יום טוב?

עירוב תבשילין

What is a basic description of ערוב תבשילין?

Prepare food on ערב יום טוב for Shabbat, which then allows you to continue to cook for Shabbat on יום טוב.

What is the literal translation of the word ערוב?

Mixture

What is customary to use for ערוב תבשילין?

Bread and a cooked food.

How much bread does one need to put aside for ערוב תבשילין?

a כזית of cooked food and a כביצה of bread.

When is the best time to cook from יום טוב to Shabbat? (סעיף ו)

As early as possible on Friday with enough time that the food will be ready to be eaten before shabbat.

How does one make the עירוב תבשילין once he has the cooked and baked food?

S/he says the ברכה of על מצות עירוב. Then one says בדין עירובא וכו’.

Is it imperative for one to understand the meaning of בדין עירובא? What should one do if they don’t understand it?

Yes, if one does not understand it they should say it in a language that they understand.

Besides cooking from יום טוב to Shabbat what else does the ערוב תבשילין permit one to do? (סעיף ל)

Make one’s bed, wash dishes and roll the Torah for the proper Torah reading.

When lighting יום טוב candles, should one say the ברכה before or after she lights the candles?

Before

What is the הלכה if one forgot to say המלך הקדוש during עשרת ימי תשובה and realized his mistake תוך כדי דיבור?

S/he can correct their mistake and continue the עמידה.

Is hearing the שופר on the first day of ראש השנה a מצוה דאורייתא or דרבנן?

דאורייתא

Explain the term שומע כעונה.

When listening to someone say a ברכה and having in mind to fulfill their obligation it is as if s/he said those words himself.

Are woman obligated in מצות שופר?

No, because it is a מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא

Explain the term: גדול המצווה ועושה יותר ממי שאינו מצווה ועושה.

One who is obligated in a מצוה receives a greater reward for fulfilling it than someone who performs it but is not obligated to do so.

Based on the above, is it a good idea for women to hear שופר?

Yes, but not at the expense of bringing her little children to shul that may cause a disturbance.

Is one allowed to prepare from the first day of ראש השנה to the second? (סעיף א)

No

Explain the term נֵר שֶׁשָבַת.

A candle that was kindled before יום הכפורים and is still burning after יום הכפורים is over.

What candle does one need to use for הבדלה on מוצאי יום הכפורים?

a נֵר שֶׁשָבַת or a candle that was kindled from a נר ששבת.

What is the first מלאכה of the ל"ט מלאכות?

חורש – plowing

Explain and give an example for the term דָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתכַּוֵן.

Doing an action on Shabbat that may or may not result in a מלאכה. Example: dragging a chair across the lawn.

Is one allowed to walk on grass on Shabbat?

Yes, since there is no guarantee that the grass will uproot.

Explain the מלאכה of קוצר.

Removing produce from where it grew.

Is one allowed to lean on a tree on Shabbat? (משנה ברורה)

No

Give an example of מעמר.

Raking leaves to form a compost pile and collecting fruits into one’s pockets

Explain the term אוֹכֵל מִתּוֹך פְּסוֹלֶת.

Good from the bad.

How is one allowed to sort on שבת?

Good from bad, by hand and for now.

Explain and give an example of אין טוחן אחר טוחן.

Crumbling bread into small crumbs.

When do we say something is cut too thin regarding טוחן?

The exact size is unclear

Define לש.

Kneading – combining particles into a solid/semisolid by means of a liquid medium

Define בשול.

Cooking – to use heat to make the substance more edible or potable than before

Define מרקד.

Sifting – separating a mixture by means of a sifting device

Define טוחן.

Grinding – reducing an object to small particles whereby it becomes suitable for a new use.

Define בורר.

Sorting –separating the bad from the good

Define the מלאכה of זורה.

Winnowing – using the natural force of the wind to separate the bad from the good.

Define דש/מפרק.

The extraction of fruit, vegetable or earth-grown commodity from its natural inedible shell, peel or similar attachment.

Define מעמר.

The collection or combining of scattered fruits, produce or any other substance in the place of their growth into a pile.

Explain the מלאכה of זוֹרֵעַ.

Sowing - the initiation or promotion of plant growth in any way.

What is a מצות עשה?

A positive מצוה, the Torah commands us to do something. For example, give צדקה.

What is a מצות לא עשה?

A negative מצוה , the Torah commands us not to do something, like don’t eat non-Kosher animals.

Is שמירת שבת a מצות עשה or לא תעשה?

מצות עשה and a מצות לא תעשה

What is מלאכת עבודה?

All work that is done not for the purpose of preparing food for human consumption.

What is מלאכת אוכל נפש?

All work that is done for preparing food for human consumption.

What type of מלאכה does the Torah prohibit on שבת?

מלאכת אוכל נפש and מלאכת עבודה

What type of מלאכה does the Torah prohibit on יום טוב?

מלאכת עבודה

What type of מלאכה is cooking?

מלאכת אוכל נפש

Define מזיד.

Intentionally doing an action with full knowledge that this is אסור.

Define שוגג.

Intentionally doing an action without knowing that the action is prohibited. Someone who knows that one cannot do מלאכה today because it’s Shabbat but did not know the מלאכה carries a punishment of כרת.

What is the punishment for doing a מלאכה on שבת on purpose not in front of two witnesses?

What is the punishment for doing a מלאכה on שבת on purpose in front of two witnesses and was warned beforehand?

סקילה

What is the punishment for doing a מלאכה on שבת by accident (שוגג)?

Bring a קרבן

How many אבות מלאכה are we commanded to keep on Shabbat?

39

What is a מומר?

A person who is known to not keep a certain מצוה. This applies only if he commits the sin with the intent of angering God. For example a person continually cuts his פאות.

What is a מומר לכל התורה?

One who rejects the whole Torah.

Is one allowed to eat the meat of an animal that was slaughtered by a מחלל שבת בפרהסיא?

No

Why is violating Shabbat so severe?

Violating Shabbat is a denial of the creation of the world by HaShem, which is akin to עבודה זרה.

Which two מצות are equivalent to all other מצות?

Shabbat and עבודה זרה

When do we say if someone violates Shabbat he is considered an עכו"ם?

When he violates it in public without any embarrassment.

When is פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים?

The שַׁבָּת before ראש חודש אדר (the אדר that’s closer to the month of ניסן).

What do we read on פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים?

The beginning of פָּרָשַׁת כי תשא

Why do we read פָּרָשַׁת שְׁקָלִים?

Because in the times of the בית המקדש they would have to remind everyone to bring the מחצית השקל , in the month of אדר.

When is פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

The שַׁבָּת before פּוּרִים.

What do we read on פָּרָשַׁת זָכוֹר?

The last three פסוקים of פָּרָשַׁת כי תצא.

Explain the term מצות צריכות כונה.

You must have intention to fulfill a מצווה when performing it.

Explain the term שׁוֹמֵעַ כְּעוֹנֶה.

Listening to someone saying something is like you said it yourself.

Define: חתן.

The groom within seven days of his wedding

Define מוהל.

He who does the circumcision.

Define סנדק.

He holds the baby as the baby is being circumcised.

Define: אף הן היו באותו הנס.

They were also part of the miracle.

Translate מתנות לאביונים.

Presents to the poor.

What is the מצוה of מתנות לאביונים?

A gift to 2 poor people.

Define פרוטה.

The smallest amount of currency value.

What is the basic מצוה of מִשׁלוֹחַ מָנוֹת?

Two portions of food to a fellow Jew.

When do we read פָּרָשַׁת פרה?

The שַׁבָּת before שבת פרשת החודש

When is פָּרָשַׁת החודש?

The שַׁבָּת before ראש חודש ניסן

Explain the concept of רובו ככולו.

In short, drinking the majority of the cup is as if he drank the whole cup.

Explain the term: קִדוּש בְּמָקום סְעוּדָה?

In order to fulfill the מצוה of קידוש it has to be followed by a meal in the place where one recited קידוש.

Explain the term: בְּרָכוֹת אֵינָן מְעַכּבוֹת

One can fulfill a מצוה even if he did not recite the appropriate ברכה.

What does the word הגדה mean?

Telling & Praise

Who wrote the הגדה?

אנשי כנסת הגדולה

Define: בין השמשות

Twilight – after sunset before night

What is the ratio of a כזית to an egg?

This is a מחלוקת some hold 2 olives equal 1 egg and some hold 3 olives equal 1 egg

How many grams is a כזית?

According to the שולחן ערוך twenty seven grams. According to the Rambam 18 grams.

Is a כזית a volume or a weight?

A כזית is a volume. However, due to the difficulty of measuring a volume we converted the volume to a weight.

Explain the term: קַבָּלַת עוֹל מַלכוּת שָׁמַיִם.

Accepting upon oneself the yoke of heaven.

Explain the term: וכל המשנה ממטבע שטבעו חכמים בברכות אינו אלא טועה.

Whoever changes the text from that which the חכמים instituted is making a mistake.

What is the קרבן של שחר?

This was the first קרבן צבור brought in the מקדש every day.