Honors Biology Final Exam Review (2)

Catabolic reactions

Break down molecules into smaller units. These generally release energy

Anabolic reactions

Make larger molecules out of smaller subunits. These are also and generally require an input of energy

ATP

Energy storage molecule. Most energy is stored between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate. This molecule can easily be re-made when energy is input into ADP and a phosphate

Equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2

light reactions and calvin cycle

The two types of reactions in photosynthesis, occur in the chloroplast

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Equation for cellular respiration

Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere and releases O2, cellular respiration does the opposite

How photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle CO2 and oxygen through the ecosystem

Glycolysis

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen.

Kreb’s Cycle

a chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, through which almost all living cells produce energy in aerobic respiration. It uses oxygen and gives out water and carbon dioxide as products. Creates 2 ATP

a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. Creates 32 ATP

Anaerobic respiration

There are two forms, lactic acid fermentation, and alcoholic fermentation. These reactions occur without any oxygen

Lactic Acid fermentation

This process produces 2 ATP from each glucose molecule and causes the build up of lactic acid in muscles

Alcoholic fermentation

Another form of anaerobic respiration that takes place in yeast. It makes 2 ATP/glucose molecules and produces ethanol and CO2 as products. Used to make beer and wine.

Nucelotides

Monomers that make up DNA

Gene

Section of DNA that carries the information for making a protein in the order of the nitrogen bases

Replication

Before a cell divides, the DNA must be copied.

Process of replication

1. Helicase unzips

2. DNA Polymerase joins nucleotides together

3. Polymerase proofreads new DNA and zips

Chromosomes

The DNA in an organism is located in long strands, composed of many genes that carry the code for making one protein

Transcription

The formation of RNA from DNA

Process of transcription

1. DNA unzips

2. RNA Polymerase attaches to the promotor region

3. Polymerase moves along the DNA strand, pairing them with complementary nucleotides and form RNA

4. STOP sequence, mRNA leaves and DNA zips up

Translation

1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome, begins with “AUG”

2. tRNA molecules carry amino acids into the correct sequence, bonds anticodons to codons

3. Ribosome then connects the new amino acid to the previous, building the protein

4. tRNA detaches and goes to get another amino acid

5. Continues until ribosome comes to a STOP codon

Allele

One form of a gene

Diploid

Normal body cells contain two of each chromosome, called