Nationalism World History

Nationalism

Loyalty to a nation with shared culture rather than a king

Nation

A group of people connected by language, history, religion, and culture

State

A political unit with government, borders, and sovereignty

Nation-State

A country where most people belong to one cultural nation

Territory

Land that a nation considers its homeland

Culture

Shared beliefs, customs, arts, and traditions of a nation

Shared History

Collective past events that unify a people

Ethnicity

Shared ancestry and cultural identity

Religion

Shared system of beliefs that strengthens national unity

Language

Common method of communication that unifies people

Positive Effects of Nationalism

Unification, independence, democratic reforms

Negative Effects of Nationalism

Racism, ethnic cleansing, conflict, forced assimilation

Unification Movements

Groups join together to form a nation-state

Separation Movements

Groups break away from empires

State-Building Movements

Diverse groups create a single nation under one government

Austrian Empire

Multiethnic empire threatened by nationalism

Hapsburgs

Ruling family of the Austrian Empire

Austria-Hungary

Dual Monarchy formed in 1867 due to nationalist pressure

Slavs

Ethnic group seeking independence from Austrian rule

Russian Empire

Empire weakened by ethnic diversity and Russification

Russification

Forcing Russian culture onto minority groups

Romanov Dynasty

Ruling family of the Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Weakening empire called the “Sick Man of Europe”

Balkan Nationalism

Independence movements in Southeastern Europe

Greek Independence

Successful nationalist movement against the Ottomans

Armenian Massacres

Violence against Armenians by Ottoman forces

Realpolitik

Practical politics focused on power, not idealism

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian prime minister who unified Germany

Blood and Iron

Bismarck’s strategy using warfare and industry

Prussia

Most powerful German state that led unification

Danish War

1864 war where Prussia & Austria defeated Denmark

Schleswig

Territory gained by Prussia after Danish War

Holstein

Territory given to Austria after Danish War

Austro-Prussian War

1866 war where Prussia defeated Austria

Seven Weeks’ War

Nickname for the Austro-Prussian War

North German Confederation

Union of northern German states under Prussian control

Franco-Prussian War

War provoked by Bismarck to unite Germany

Ems Telegram

Edited message used to provoke France into war

Alsace-Lorraine

French territory taken by Germany after Franco-Prussian War

German Empire

Created in 1871 at Versailles

Kaiser Wilhelm I

First emperor of unified Germany

Industrialization

Increase in factories and railroads that helped Prussia win wars

Italian Unification

Movement to unite Italian states into one kingdom

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister who unified northern Italy through diplomacy

Piedmont-Sardinia

Leading Italian state that unified Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Nationalist leader who unified southern Italy

Red Shirts

Garibaldi’s volunteer army in southern Italy

King Victor Emmanuel II

First king of unified Italy

Risorgimento

Italian nationalist movement meaning “resurgence”

Revolutions of 1848

Widespread European revolts caused by nationalism and economic issues

Causes of 1848 Revolutions

Food shortages, unemployment, nationalism, demand for rights

Failures of 1848 Revolutions

Divisions, weak leadership, lack of unity

Results of 1848 Revolutions

Mostly failed but spread nationalist ideas

Arab Spring

2011 pro-democracy uprisings in the Middle East

1848 vs 2011 Similarity

Both spread quickly across countries

1848 vs 2011 Difference

1848 failed, 2011 had mixed results

Communication Technology 1848

Telegraph, newspapers

Communication Technology 2011

Social media, smartphones

Simón Bolívar

Leader who liberated northern South America

José de San Martín

Leader who liberated southern South America

Gran Colombia

Bolívar’s failed plan for a large united nation

Miguel Hidalgo

Priest who started Mexican independence

Grito de Dolores

Hidalgo’s speech beginning Mexican revolution

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain holding highest colonial positions

Creoles

American-born Spaniards who led independence movements

Caudillos

Military dictators who ruled Latin America

Latin American Problems

Weak economies, regional conflicts, dependence on Europe

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European interference in the Americas

Conservatives

Support traditional monarchy and social hierarchy

Liberals

Support freedoms, rights, and constitutional government

Moderates

Support limited monarchy with some reforms

National Identity

Shared traits that unite a population

Self-Determination

Idea that nations should rule themselves

Ethnic Conflict

Violence between cultural or ethnic groups

Imperial Decline

Collapse of aging empires due to nationalism