Psychological Assessment Study Guide

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Last updated 5:58 AM on 7/12/23
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127 Terms

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Francis Galton
Intelligence is inherited
Believed that the most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities
Abilities used in mental processes cannot be separated because they interact together
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Henry Goddard
The degree of availability of one's experiences for the solution of his present problems and the anticipation of future ones.
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Jean Piaget
Development of cognition in children
Intelligence may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world.
Schema or schemata
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Schema or schemata
refer to organized action or mental structure that when applied the world leads to knowing or understanding
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David Wechsler
Defined intelligence as the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposefully
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Lewis Terman
Believed that the intelligence quotient or IQ meant to quantify intellectual functioning to allow comparison among individuals
IQ\= mental age/chronological age x 100
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IQ
\= mental age/chronological age x 100
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Charles Spearman
Model of general mental ability or Two-factor-theory of intelligence
General ability (g)
Special abilities (s)
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General ability (g)
which was required for performance of mental test of all kinds, he called this kind of "mental energy" that underlies the specific factors
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Special abilities (s)
Which were required for performance on just one kind of mental test.
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Louis Leon Thurstone
Identified seven (7) primary mental abilities
Verbal comprehension
Word fluency
Number
Space
Associative memory
Perceptual Speed Induction or General Reasoning
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Raymond Cattell
Believed that g's has two related but distinct components:
Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
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Fluid Intelligence
The ability to see relationships as in analogies and letter and number series. Also believed as the primary reasoning ability. This decreases as one ages
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John L. Horn
Proposed additional factors to Cattell's types:

Visual processing (GV)

Auditory processing (Ga)

Quantitative processing (Ga)

Speed processing (Gs) Reading and writing (Grw)

Short-term memory (Gsm)

Long-term storage and retrieval (Glr)

Vulnerable abilities Maintained abilities
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John B. Carrol
Proposed the THREE STRATUM THEORY
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Crystallized Intelligence
Acquired knowledge and skills or also known as Factual Knowledge. This increases with age.
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Third stratum
as "g"
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Second stratum
composed of 8 abilities and processes
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First stratum
level or speed factor each different depending on the second stratum to which they are linked.
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CHC model
Cattell-Horn-Carroll model proposed by Kevin McGrew
Integration of the two models-also known as Broad stratum
Exclusion of G since it has little relevance to cross battery assessment and interpretation
There is a higher order general factor and 9 broad stratum abilities and over 70 narrow abilities.
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Joy Paul Guilford
Proposed that intelligence comprises of 180 elementary abilities and these 180 elementary abilities are made up of combination of three dimensions which he identifies as
Operation
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Operation
what the person does
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Content
the material on which operations are performed
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Product
the form in which the information is stored and processed.
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Philip E. Vernon
Proposed the HIERARCHIAL THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Addresses the gaps between Spearman's Two Factory-theory in which intelligence is mainly about "g" and Thurstone multiple factor theory in which the "s" takes a bigger role than "g"
Defined intelligence as comprising of abilities of varying levels of generality
"g" with the largest source of variance between individuals
Verbal-numerical-edcuational and practical-mechanical-spatial "s"
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Edward Lee Thorndike
Believes that each mental activity requires an aggregate different set of abilities
Abstract Intelligence has FOUR ATTRIBUTES- LEVEL
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LEVEL
refers to the level of difficulty of a task that can be solved
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RANGE
refers to a number of tasks at any given degree or difficulty
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AREA
means the total number of situations at each level to which the individual is able to respond
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SPEED
is the rapidity with which we can respond to the items
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Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligence theory Believed that there are seven intelligence
Argues that these intelligences are independent of each other
The seven intelligence and these are
Verbal
Mathematical
Musical Spatial
Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
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Aleksandra Luria
Russian neuropsychologist who developed the theory on INFORMATION-PROCESSING
Studies the mechanism by which information is processed-how Information is processed rather than what is processed. There are two basic types of information processing- SIMULTANEOUS (Parallel) and SUCCESSIVE Sequential)
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SIMULTANEOUS (Parallel)
refers to the process where information is integrated all at one time
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SUCCESSIVE (Sequential)
refers to the process where information is individually processed in sequence.
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IQ scores
reflect the general capacity for performing intellectual task
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100
The average IQ score
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15
The standard deviation of IQ score is
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50-70
Below average
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40-35
Mild mental retardation
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35-30
Moderate Mental retardation
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20-35
Severe Mental retardation
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Profound mental retardation
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Infants
Rely to a great degree on information obtained from a structured interview with the examinee's parents.
More on sensorimotor tasks
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Older Children
Shifts to verbal and performance abilities
Task were designed to yield measure of the general information
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Adults
Usually for clinical used
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Issues in Intelligence Tests
Nature vs. Nurture
Preformation vs. Predeterminism
Inheritance vs. Interactionism
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Preformationism
All living are preformed at birth all organism structure
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Predeterminism
One's ablilties are predetermined by genetic inheritance and that no amount of learning or other intervention can enhance what has been genetically encoded to unfold in time.
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Inheritance
People inherit certain intellectual potential
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Interactionism
People inherit certain intellectual potential. Exactly how much of the genetic potential is realized depends partially on the type of environment in which it was nurtured
"we are free who we want to be" using the environment to put our genetic potential to the limit.
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Stability of Intelligence
Stable for much of one's adult life
May start to decline at the age of 75 but recent studies show that it can start to decline as early as 20's and 30's
Gifted children tend to maintain their intellectual superiority
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Flynn Effect
James R. Flynn authored the article" the means IQ od American: Massive gains from 1932 to 1978.
He noticed that intelligence seems to rise on average
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Streetwise
a person who knows his or her way on the street. The formal term "Street Efficacy" refers to the perceived ability to avoid violent confrontation and to be safe in one's neighborhood
Theorist and researcher believed that this concept lies in the crossroads of intelligence and personality-if not firmly within the bouds of each.
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Men
tends to perform better in test that measures "g" and visual spatialization
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"Maternal effect"
may successfully integrate the "Family effect" model. Some researchers believes that the family environment begins inside a mother's womb.
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Culture loading
defined as the extent to which a test has incorporated the vocabulary
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Culture fair test
was designed to minimize the effects of culture loading
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Individual
One subject tested at a time
Examiner records the responses
Scoring requires flexibility can elicit maximum performance if permitted by standardization
Provides information beyond the test score
Allow the examiner to observe behavior in standard setting
All individual interpretation of test scores.
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Group
Many subjects are tested at a time
Subjects record their own responses
Scoring is straight forward and objective
There are no safeguards
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McClelland, 1951
Personality - The most adequate conceptualization of a person's behavior in all its detail
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Menninger, 1953
Personality - Individual as a whole, his height and weight and love and hates and blood pressure and reflexes; it means all that anyone is and that he is trying to become.
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Byrne
Psychology's garbage bin in that any research in which it doesn't fit other existing categories can be labelled "personality"
As an individual's unique constellation of psychological traits relatively is stable over time
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PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Measurement and evaluation of psychological traits
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Personality Traits
Any distinguishable relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another.

Friendly, Rude
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Personality Types
A constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities
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Personality States
State- relatively temporary disposition

"Butterflies in my stomach" before asking someone for prom
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Self as Primary referent
To learn something about who they are
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Self-report
a process wherein info about assessees is supplied by the assessees themselves
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Self-concept
one's attitudes
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Another Person as the referent
In some situations
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Halo effect
variety of favorable response bias
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Response Style
to respond to a test item or interview question in some characteristic manner
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Impression Management
the selective exposure of some information or suppression of other information
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Validity Scale
subscale of a test designed to assist in judgments regarding how honestly the test taker responded
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Traditional Sites
Schools
Clinics
Vocational Selection Centers
Offices of Psychologists & Counselors
Hospitals
Academic Research Laboratories
Employment Counseling
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Natural Settings
Assessees's own home
Assessees's prison cell
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Locus of Control
"locus" place or site
is a person's perception about the source of things that happen to him or her
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Internal Locus of Control
see themselves largely responsible for what happens to themline
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External Locus of Control
they attribute what happens to them to external factors
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Structured Interview
the interviewer will follow an interview guide
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Graphology
the assessor was attempting to learn something about the assessed by handwriting analysis
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Frame of Reference
Defined as aspects of the focus of exploration such as the time frame as well as other contextual issues that involve people
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Q-sort technique
Stephenson,(1953): an assessment technique to sort a grp. of statements ranging from most descriptive to least descriptive
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Nomothetic Approach
characterized by efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people.
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Idiographic Approach
characterized by efforts to learn about each individual's constellation of personality traits
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content or content oriented approach
Logic and reason in the development of test items
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Research Theory
A typical companion to logic
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Data Reduction Methods
Include several types of statistical techniques collectively known as factor or cluster analysis
To aid identification of the minimum number of variables or factors that account for the intercorrelations on observed phenomena
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Criterion
A standard on which a judgment or decision can be made
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Criterion group
a reference group of test takers who share specific characteristics and responses
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Empirical criterion keying
process of using criterion groups to develop test items
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Culture
relates to behavior and cognitions being measured
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Acculturation
an individual's thoughts, behaviors, values, worldview, and Identity develop In relation to the general thinking behavior, customs, and values of a particular cultural group
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Measures of Interest
instrument designed to evaluate testtakers' likes, dislikes, \n leisure activities, curiosities, and involvements in various occupations and professions
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Edward Strong Jr.
culminated the 420-item test in the 1920s which he called the Strong The Strong Interest Inventory
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NEO PI-R
Costa and McCrae \n provides a systematic assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles (OCEAN)
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Openness to Experience (O)
Elements include active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, intellectual curiosity, and independence of judgment \n Low scores means that the individual tend to be conventional in behaviour and conservative in outlook.
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Conscientiousness (C)
The conscientious individual is purposeful, strong-willed, and determined \n Positively associated with academic and occupational achievement and negatively associated with annoying fastidiousness, compulsive neatness, or workaholic behavior. \n Low scorers are less exacting in applying moral principles and more lackadaisical in working toward their goal.
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Extraversion (E)
Likes people and prefers large groups and gatherings. Assertive, active, and talkative Likes excitement and stimulation and tend to be cheerful in disposition. They are upbeat, energetic and optimistic.

Low score shows introversion. Introverts are reserved, independent, and prefers to be alone
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Agreeableness (A)
Agreeable person is fundamentally altruistic, sympathetic to others and eager to help them. skeptical of others \n Low scorers tend to be disagreeable or antagonistic people, egocentric, intentions, and competitive rather than cooperative.