High Level Gross Motor Skills

how does ambulation change from 1-2 years old

-becomes more refined and varied

how does ambulation become more refined and varied

-terrain, speed, environments, conditions
-reciprocal arm swing and heel strike
-less stumbling (visual and vestibular system link to motor systems)

what age do we start to see reciprocal arm swing and heel strike

-18 to 24 months

at what age does running emerge? at what age is it refined

-emerge: 24-30 months (2-2.5 yo)
-refined: 43-48 months (3.5-4 yo)

why is running established later in development? what skills are required for running to be considered "refined"

-flight phase --> both feet are off the ground at the same time = more postural control required
-refined when: arm reciprocity, push off, speed and direction

age range for jumping in place

-23 to 30 months (2-2.5 yo)

age range for jumping forward

-25 to 30 months (2-2.5 yo)

age range for jumping down

-31 to 36 months (2.5-3 yo)

age range for jumping over

-37 to 42 months (3-3.5 yo)

age range for jumping off the ground with both feet (CDC)

-30 months (2.5 yo)

age range for walking backwards

-25 to 30 months (2-2.5 yo)

age range for walking on a line

-31 to 36 months (2.5-3 yo)

age range for galloping

-4.5 to 5 years

age range for skipping

-5 to 6 years

age range for tip toes and SLS

-31 months to 60 months (3.5-5 yo)

age range for hopping

-49 months to 66 months (4-5.5 yo)
-CDC: 5 years

age ranges for ascending stairs (with handrail and each step with both foot, with alternating, CDC)

-w/ HHA + each step with both feet: 16 - 24 months (1.5-2 yo)
-alternate independently: 37-42 months (3-3.5 yo)
-CDC: 20 months (1.5ish)

age ranges for descending stairs (with handrail and each step with both feet + with independent alternating)

-w/ HHA + each step with both feet: 16-24 months (1.5-2 yo)
-alternate independently: 43-44 months (3.5 yo)

different types of catching a ball and age ranges

1. trap: 25-30 months (2-2.5 yo)
2. catch: 43-51 months (3.5-4ish yo)
3. mature catch: 62-71 months (5-6 yo)

difference types of throw and age ranges

1. overhand immature-extends arms: 16-24 months (1.5-2 yo)
2. overhand mature: 43-51 months (3.5-4ish yo)
3. underhand: 34-42 months (3ish-3.5)

types of stationary-no steps kicking and age range

-attempts: 16-24 months
-immature: 25-33 months
-mature: 33-36 months

types of moving ball kicking and age ranges

-stop it with foot: 43-51 months
-step towards ball and kick: 43-51 months
-kick moving ball: 48-60 months

when do children have fundamental game-playing skills

-5 years
-run, kick, catch, throw