unit 3b

unconditioned response

the natural response

salivating

unconditioned stimulus

the thing that causes a respnonse, that is natural

food

conditioned response

same as unconditioned response, but it is associated with the stimulus

salivating

conditioned stimulus

the stimulus you want to be associated with the response

dinner bell

classical conditioning

associate one stimulus with another to elicit response during acquisition phase

quickest learning conditioned stimulus ½ second before unconditioned stimulus

unconscious learning

John Watson

connected conditioning to emotions (little albert)

little albert experiment

trained a kid to fear rats

fear translated over to similar objects (white, or is an animal)

extinction

conditioned response decreases/disappears

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of conditioned response after a rest period or time of lessened response

generalization

tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

Watson: baby scared of all fuzzy objects, not just rats

discrimination

being able to tell similar stimuli apart

stung by a wasp, so afraid of them, but not afraid of honeybees

higher/second order conditioning

when the conditioned stimuli serves as the unconditioned stimuli in further learning

cat learns that can opener signifies food, learns that squeaky cabinet door signifies can opener, then associates squeaky cabinet door with food

taste aversion/Garcia effect

one trial learning (even if effects felt long after stimulus)

taste makes strong associations that sight and can create strong aversion

habituation

organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit diminished response to a repeated stimulus

operant conditioning: punishment

want less of a behavior

operant conditioning: reinforcement

want more of a behavior

operant conditioning: positive

give something to encourage desired result

includes giving a time out (because contains the word “

operant conditioning: negative

take something away to encourage desired result

operant conditioning

voluntary behaviors are modified through consequences—reinforcement (strengthening) or punishment (weakening)

consciously changing behaviors

law of effect

reinforcement leads to repeated behaviors (and punishment leads to fewer)

primary reinforcers

Reinforcer that appeals to biology and impacts without being learned (unlike money or praise)

secondary reinforcer

Reinforce behaviors as they get closer to the goal behavior

continuous reinforcement

every time they do something they get rewarded

partial reinforcement

they are not always rewarded, not continuous

instinctive drift

the tendency to revert back to instinctive behaviors rather than learned ones

superstition

an illusionary correlation when consequences reinforce unrelated behaviors

learned helplessness

learning that you have no control over an adverse experience

dogs with shock collars to prevent them going out of bounds will continue to stay within the bounds even when shock collars taken off

social learning theory

learning can occur observationally by copying the behavior of models

models

most likely to learn from those who are similar, likeable, attractive, or of high status

vicarious conditioning

you don’t need personal consequences for learning to take place

shaping

reinforcing small steps of a complex action to achieve the full action

the pigeon turns a little, gets food, turns more, gets food, until it does a full circle to get food

fixed reinforcement schedule

reward is reliably delivered after a fixed amount of time or responses

variable reinforcement schedule

reward is delivered unreliably after a random time interval or responses

interval reinforcement schedule

reward delivered based on time passed

ratio reinforcement schedule

reward delivered based on number of responses

operant chamber

a controlled enviroment used to study operant conditioning in animals

pattern of learning

Bandura

behavior is modeled and observed

behavior is remembered and stored

behavior is replicated

motivated by consequences to repeat behavior