Ichthyology Exam 1

Chordata

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

Olfactores

share ability to smell

cephalochordates

subphylum of chordata; no vertebral column, but notochord and pharyngeal slits

urochordata

subphylum of chordata; invertebrates that have a larval phase with chordate characteristics

Craniata

subphylum of chordata

Vertebrata

Infraphylum under Craniata

Gnathostomata

superclass under subphylum craniata; jaws are present and derived from gill arches

Agnatha

jawless fishes; two different lineages - hagfishes and lampreys

Dipnoi

Lungfishes; Sarcopterygii

What do Elasmobranchii include

Selachimorpha (sharks) and Batoidea (skates and rays)

Holocephali

chimeras

Actinistia

Coelocanths

Actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes (30,000)

Elopiformes

tarpon, ladyfishes

Anguilliformes

Eels

Elopomorpha

eels, tarpon, ladyfishes

Leptocephalus

tarpon larva

Clupeomorpha

herring, anchovies, filter feeders, most numerous fishes

Chondrichthys

cartilaginous species

Teleostii

genome duplication; huge diversity of fishes

Ostariophysi

minnows, tetras, catfishes

Cypriniformes

minnows; includes giant barb

Characiformes

tetras, pirahnas

Siluriformes

catfishes

Salmoniformes

order for salmon, trout; genome duplicated again (tetraploid)

Acanthomorpha

spiny-finned fishes (17,500 species); 80% of marine fishes

endochondral bone

replaces cartilage precursor

Petromyzontiformes

Order for native lampreys

Petromyzontidae

family for native lampreys

Lampetra tridentata

Pacific Lamprey

Acipenseriformes

Order for native sturgeons

Acipenseridae

family for native sturgeons

Acipenser transmontanus

white sturgeon; largest fish in North American waters

Salmoniformes

order for salmon, trout, whitefish, and grayling

Oncorhynchus nerka

sockeye salmon

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

pink salmon

Oncorhynchus keta

chum salmon

Prosopium coulteri

Pygmy whitefish (native)

Introduced Atlantic salmon

Salmo salar

Introduced brown trout

Salmo trutta

Osmeriformes

order for native smelts

Osmeridae

family for native smelts

Thaleichthys pacificus (native smelt)

Eulachon

Esociformes

order for native mudminnows

Umbridae

family for native mudminnows

Novumbra hubbsi

Olympic Mudminnow; only fish endemic to WA

Cypriniformes

order for native minnows

cyprinidae

family for native minnows

Gila bicolor

Tui chub (native minnow)

Couesius plumbeus

Lake Chub (native minnow)

Mylocheilus caurinus

Peamouth (native minnow)

Catostomidae

family for native suckers

Catostomus catostomus

Salish sucker

Siluriformes

order for catfishes

Ictaluridae

family for introduced catfishes

Ameiurus melas

Black Bullhead

Cyprinodontiformes

order for livebearers

Poeciliidae

family for introduced livebearers

Gambusia affinis

Mosquitofish (livebearers)

Perciformes

order for sunfishes

Centrarchidae

introduced sunfishes

Lepomis macrochirus

Bluegill

Lepomis cyanellus

Green Sunfish

Percidae

family for introduced perches

Perca flavescens

Yellow perch

Scorpaeniformes

order for sculpins

Cottidae

family for native sculpins

Cottus asper

prickly sculpin (native)

Cottus gulosus

Riffle sculpin

Aristotle’s History of Animals

first European biology text

Zoarcidae

eelpouts

Stichaeidae

Pricklebacks

Pholidae

Gunnels

Embiotocidae

Surfperches

Scorpaenidae

rockfishes

Hexagrammidae

Greenling

Agonidae

Poachers

Pleuronectidae

Righteye flounders

How many fishes in the Salish sea

253

WA has —— marine fishes and —— freshwater fishes

403 and 89

Eel grass, bull kelp forest, salt marsh, rocky reefs, intertidal, soft bottom, and open water

What are the main Salish Sea habitats?

Admiralty inlet, deception pass, and swinomish channel

What are the three Salish Sea connections?

intramembranous bone(dermal bones)

form within a membrane

perichondral bone

forms when bone ossifies around cartilage without replacement

What bone type makes up fish skeletons?

intramembranous bone

ctenoid scales

most species of fish; overlapping scales; spines on posterior marigins

cycloid scales

simple version of ctenoid scales; salmon

ganoid scales

older scale pattern; lots of mineralization; gars

placoid scales

incredibly rough; sharks; dermal denticle

odontode

refers to scales or teeth; any epidermal structure that contains enamel or dentine

Hydrolagus colliei

Spotted ratfish; has second set of teeth for mating

cosmoid scales

present in sarcopterygian fishes (coelacanths and lungfishes)

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth (gut)

types of fish muscle tissues

white muscle

strong but fatigues quickly

red muscle

not as strong as white, but operates for long periods

biting muscles

adductor mandibulae

viscous (fictional) drag

friction between fish’s body and water; heavily influences body and fin shape

inertial (pressure) drag

pressure differences that result from displacement of water as fish moves; also influences body shape

physics of water, ecological niche, ancestry, present circumstances, and developmental stage

Swimming style is influenced by

how much trunk of body oscillates and which fins are being used

Two factors that describe swimming style