Behavior Change & Social Change

Flashcards about Behavior Change & Social Change

Motivated Cognition

People are motivated to engage with the information for individual-level change.

Accuracy Goals

When people are motivated to be accurate, they are more likely to engage in more complex, elaborate, and careful reasoning.

Theory of Planned Behavior

Beliefs about consequences of behavior, normative expectations of others, and the presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance.

Recursive Change in Persons & Situations Framework

Subjective meaning/interpretation of themselves & the situation.

Dynamic Norms

Information involving widespread change in others' behavior or attitudes which affects personal efficacy.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

The Central route (controlled cognition): person carefully thinks about the arguments in the persuasive message; The Peripheral route (automatic cognition): person does not actively or deliberately think about the arguments in the persuasive message.

Framing Effects

People respond very differently to the exact same problem when framed in different ways. Loss-aversion: people’s tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses.

Endowment Effect

Consumers assign more value to objects simply because they own them.

Mere Exposure Effect

When repeated or single exposure to a stimulus, even in the absence of awareness, results in the formation of a positive affective reaction to the stimulus.

Self-Congruity Theory of Marketing

The extent to which an individual perceives a product or brand as consistent with how they perceive their actual or idealized self shapes purchasing behavior.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Get a person to consent to a small request; then increase the size of the request.

Descriptive Norms

What most others do.

Prescriptive/Injunctive Norms

What most others approve or disapprove of.

Reciprocity

People feel obliged to give back to others who have given to them.

Consistency

Once we make a choice/take a stand, we feel pressure to behave consistently with the commitment.

Social Validation

People decide what's appropriate for them to do in a situation by examining what others are doing there.

Authority

People rely on those with superior knowledge or perspective for guidance on how to respond.

Scarcity

Items and opportunities become more desirable as they become less available.

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in an activity/behavior for inherent satisfaction or for personal reasons.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in an activity/behavior for external factors.

Empathy-Altruism Theory

Altruism is driven by feelings of empathy and caring for others.

Negative State-Relief Theory

Altruism stems from people’s attempts to reduce negative emotions associated with the suffering of others.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Failure to help occurs in groups because responsibility spreads across bystanders.

Interpretative Ambiguity

Bystanders sometimes fail to help because they do not define the situation as an emergency.

Evaluation Apprehension

Bystanders fail to help others because they have concerns/worried about being evaluated on how well they help the victim.

Intergroup Contact Theory

Positive contact between members of different groups can effectively reduce intergroup prejudice.

Collective Action

Large numbers of people with a shared identification acting together for the best.

Social Identity Model of Resistance

1. Unify around oppositional social identity (Shared identity) 2. Develop organization & Leadership 3. Challenge the system 4. Effect social change

Moral Panic

A widespread feeling of fear, often irrational, that a person, group, or entity threatens the values, interests, or well-being of community or society.

Pluralistic Ignorance

A situation where a majority of people are opposed to an opinion, belief, or behavior, but assume (incorrectly) that most others (the majority) accepts the respective opinion, belief, or behavior (of the small group).

Spiral of Silence

People’s perception of public opinion influences their willingness to express their own opinions, which (in turn) affects others willingness to express opinions.

Social Norms Theory

Elites, those in power, and peers communicate what kinds of behaviors are not typical or desirable within a given setting---establishing clear normative boundaries for what is/isn’t acceptable.

Elaborated Social Identity Model

1. Protest starts with ideologically heterogeneous crowd (mostly moderates) 2. Crowd members perceived and treated as homogenously dangerous by authorities and police (i.e., one violent group) 3. Moderate crowd members become more radicalized 4. Protesters unite around a shared oppositional identity to authorities & police