the animal kingdom (#14)

🍂

diversity

refers to when animals range from insects to mammals, adapting to various environments

invertebrates & vertebrates

2 classification of animals

adaptations

include unique traits like camouflage & migration help animals survive

invertebrates

animals without a backbone;

no backbone allows flexibility;

body structures may include exoskeletons or soft bodies;

reproduce asexually (ex. coral polyps)

• ex. giant clams, golden orb-weaver spider

vertebrates

animals with a backbone;

backbone protects the spinal cord and provides support

complex organ systems;

higher mobility due to skeleton;

• ex. Philippine tarsiers, monitor lizards

• Porifera (sponges)

• Cnidaria (jellyfish)

• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

• Nematoda (roundworms)

• Annelida (segmented worms)

• Mollusca (clams)

• Arthropoda (insects)

• Echinodermata (sea stars)

• Chordata (vertebrates)

8 invertebrate phyla

• Mammalia

• Aves (birds)

• Reptilia

• Amphibia

• Osteichthyes (bony fish)

• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

6 vertebrate classes

bilateral, radial, and asymmetrical

3 types of body symmetry in animals

triploblastic animals

these animals develop from three germ layers allowing for complex structures;

• endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

• ex. coelomates, frog, flatworms, & humans

dipoblastic animals

these animals’ body wall develop from two embryonic germ layers;

• endoderm/mesendoderm & ectoderm

• ex. phylum cnidaria (generally regarded), phylum ctenophores (comb jellies)

biodiversity

refers to the variety of life forms contributing to ecosystems;

suggests that each species plays a crucial role in its ecosystem

• predators

• herbivores

• pollinators

• seed dispersers

• decomposers

roles of animals in the ecosystem

Least Concern, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, & Extinct

5 categories of conservation status

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Biodiversity plays a crucial role in ecosystem balance and function, with various animal.

coral polyps

give an example of an invertebrate that reproduce asexually

radial symmetry

ANIMAL SURVIVAL & ADAPTATION:

in finding food, they used _____ _____ to interact w/ their environment from all sides;

this helped them capture food more easily as they are sessile

cepehalization

ANIMAL SURVIVAL & ADAPTATION:

to protect themselves from predators, they used _______ which allowed them to detect threats & food faster;

allowed for movement

bilateral symmetry, cohabitation

ANIMAL SURVIVAL & ADAPTATION:

in adpating to changing environments, immobile organisms adapted through ______ _____ & _____ which helped them move efficiently and survive in diverse environments

radial symmetry

3 TYPES OF SYMMETRY:

body that can be divided equally around a central point

• ex. cnidaria

bilateral symmetry

3 TYPES OF SYMMETRY:

allowed for efficient movement: streamined body organization;

enhanced coordination;

survival benefit: better mobility is essential for finding food, escaping predators, & navigating environments

assymetrical

3 TYPES OF SYMMETRY:

body w/ no pattern or symmetry

• ex. sponges, narwhale, snails

segmentation

refers to when body is organized into definite regions or segments;

each segment is called a metamere/somite

metamerism

2 TYPES OF SEGMENTATION:

animals who experience this has similar morphology throughout their body

• ex. centipede

tagmatization

2 TYPES OF SEGMENTATION:

animals who experience this has different segments throughout their body;

each segment is called tagmata

• ex. mantis

coelom

this is the fluid-filled body cavity

coelomate

ANIMAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON COELOM PRESENCE:

these have a true coelom fully lined by mesoderm

• ex. annelids & verterbratex

pseudocoelomate

ANIMAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON COELOM PRESENCE:

annelids w/ a body cavity partially lined by mesoderm

• ex. roundworms

acoelomate

ANIMAL CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON COELOM PRESENCE:

animals without coelom

porifera

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

filter feeder;

cellular level;

sessile (adult), free swimming (larvae)

• ex. Aplysina fistularis (Yellow tube sponge)

acoelomate, asymmetrical /radially symmetrical, both sexual & asexual

PORIFERA:

coelom:

symmetry:

mode of repro.:

cnidaria

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

no distinct internal organs but w/ tissue layers;

• polyp: body shaped like a hollow cylinder of bag that opens & closes at the top

• medusa - umbrella shaped w/ mouth 1 tentacles hanging down in the water

ex. jellyfish

polyp

in cnidarians, this refers to the body shaped like a hollow cylinder of bag that opens & closes at the top

medusa

in cnidarians, this refers to the umbrella shaped w/ mouth & tentacles hanging down in the water

acoelomate, diploblastic, radial

CNIDARIA:

coelom:

germ layer:

symmetry:

sexual & asexual reproduction

platyhelminthes (flatworms)

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

simplest phylum at organ level;

has digestive, reproductive, muscular, & excretory organs

dorsoventrally flattened

• ex. planaria

triploblastic acoelomate, bilateral, sexual & asexual

PLATYHELMINTHES:

coelom:

symmetry:

mode of repo.:

nematoda (roundworms)

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

complete digestive system;

round & slender bodies that taper at both ends;

has tough cuticle;

parasitic

• ex. Ascaris lumbricoides

triploblastic pseudocoelomate, bilateral, sexual & asexual

NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS):

coelom:

symmetry:

mode of repro.:

annelida (segmented worms)

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

round & slender segmented bodies, divided internally by septa;

complete digestive system;

body divided into segments

• ex. Hirudinaria granulosa (leech)

through skins, gills, or parapodia

In annelids (segmented worms), where does there respiration occur?

triploblastic coelomate, sexual & asexual

ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS):

coelom:

mode of repro:

mollusca

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

soft-bodied animals, w/ a shell

• mantle: tissue that secretes the shell

• foot: used for movement or anchoring

• radula: tongue-like organ w/teeth for feeding

  • ex. snails

triploblastic coelomate, bilateral and asymmetrical, sexual & asexual

MOLLUSCA:

coelom:

symmtery:

mode of repro.:

arthropoda

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

segmented body;

exhibit tagmatization;

chitinous exoskeleton

largest phylum

• insects

triploblastic coelomates, bilateral, sexual reproduction

ARTHROPODA (JOINT-LEGGED ANIMALS):

coelom:

symmetry:

mode of repro.:

echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals)

9 INVERTEBRATE PHYLA:

exclusively marine;

has water vascular system;

no cephalization & tube feet

• ex. starfish, sea urchin

triploblastic coelomates, radial & bilateral, sexual & asexual

ECHINODERMATA (SPINY-SKINNED ANIMALS):

coelom:

symmetry: ______ (adults) & ______ (larvae)

mode of repro.: