jean piaget - cognitive development

adaption

responding to environmental challenges as they occur

mental schemes

organizing experiences into concepts

operations

cognitive method used by child to organize schemes and experiences to direct subsequent actions

assimilation

ability to take a new situation and change it to match an existing scheme or generalization

birth to 2 years

sensorimotor stage

reflexive stage

schemes begin in response to reflexes (1 month)

primary circular reactions

• What it is: Baby accidentally does something with their own body and likes it, so they repeat it.

• Example: Sucking thumb → feels good → repeats.

• (1-4 months)

secondary circular reactions

• What it is: Baby does something that affects the environment and repeats it because of the result.

• Example: Shaking a rattle → makes noise → keeps shaking.

• 5-8 months. coordination extends to surrounding objects

coordination of secondary schemata

voluntary movement in response to stimuli that can't be seen such as in object permanence, and early development of decentered thought. (9-12 months)

tertiary circular reactions

• What it is: Baby experiments with actions to see different results; it’s more intentional and exploratory.

• Example: Dropping a toy from different heights to see what happens.

• (12-18 months)

sensorimotor period

where child progresses from reflexive activity to mental representation and manipulating objects in play

preoperational stage

child can think representationally, but can't yet relate these representations to each other or take a point of view other than her own.

2 to 7 years

preoperational stage

preoperational stage

a child progresses from dependence on perception and egocentric orientation to logical thought, for solving problems. child enjoys symbolic and verbal play

concrete operational stage

during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
7 to 11 years old

7 to 11 years

concrete operational stage

concrete operational stage

in what stage does a child enjoy playing games with rules

formal operational

child uses logic to hypothesize many ways to solve problems and can draw from past and present experiences to imagine what can have an effect on future situations