Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

For test, im scared this sucks everything hurts

The four fundamental types of inorganic compounds:

acids, bases, salts, and oxides

Acids and bases are normally dissolved in —

Water

acids dissociate in an aqueous solution to yield hydrogen ions; bases yield hydroxide ions

Hint: What theory is this statement referring to?

Arrhenius theory

Acids that yield one hydrogen ion per molecule in solution

monoprotic

Acids that dissociate into more than one hydrogen ion

polyprotic

Acids composed of hydrogen and one other element

Binary

Acids that contain oxygen in addition to hydrogen and another nonmetallic element

ternary or oxyacids

yield a large number of hydrogen ions in the solution; examples include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, and sulfuric acid

Strong acids

neither high nor low; examples include phosphoric acid and sulfurous acid

Hint: This is a type of acid

Moderate acids

yield a low number of hydrogen ions; includes acetic acid, boric acid, carbonic acid, and nitrous acid

Weak acids

Strengths of bases are determined by the percent dissociation of the compounds into — ions and — ions

Positive and hydroxide

Noted for a sour taste

Changes litmus paper red

Reacts with metals above hydrogen liberate hydrogen gas

Acids

Is Associated with the term “alkali”

Noted for a bitter, metallic taste

Changes litmus paper blue

Bases

An acid is a proton donor

A base is a proton acceptor

What theory states this?

BRØNSTED-LOWRY THEORY

Water is — meaning is can act as either an acid or a base

amphoteric

An acid accepts a pair of electrons

A base donates a pair of electrons

What theory is this?

Lewis theory

Literally means “without water”

Includes oxides of metals and nonmetals

Nonmetallic oxides react to form acids

Metallic oxides react to form bases (remember bases have a metallic taste)

Anhydrides

compounds formed between a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-

Salts

chemical reaction of salts

Hydrolysis

the property of dissociating a substance into charged species that may be atoms or groups of atoms

Ionization

positively charged ions

Cations

negatively charged ions

Anions

the passage of an electric current through a solution

Electrolysis

Solutions that allow electrolysis are called

electrolytes

It is necessary to buffer embalming fluids to have a pH approximately equal to that of normal blood

What is this PH?

7.35-7.45

After death, pH of the blood in the body changes from slightly basic to

Acidic

As decomposition sets in, the pH again becomes

Basic

The action of formaldehyde on body proteins is pH dependent and works most effectively in the range of:

Hint: This is a pH value

7.35-7.45

Typical buffers added to embalming fluids:

borax, sodium phosphates, and citrates

a compound, typically a crystalline one, in which water molecules are chemically bound to another compound or an element:

Hydrate

Anhydrous means

Without water

Whenever water is removed from a substance, — occurs

Dehydration

traditionally used as a method of closing the back of the skull in the case of a cranial autopsy

Plaster of Paris

This term means “water-loving”

Hydrophilic

Chemists use — to refer to hydrates that are able to attract additional moisture

hygroscopic

hydrates that are capable of absorbing additional water

Deliquescence

(Note: The image is sodium chloride, which is a salt)

This terms means to give up their water of crystallization to the air

(I dont why its worded like this)

Efflorescent

A process by which water is split by other compounds

The principal chemical property of salts

Hydrolysis

What is the most abundant compound on Earth?

Water

How much of the Earth’s surface does water cover?

Hint: This is not a %

3/4

What percent of the human body is water?

70%

What percent of bacterial cells is water?

85%

Inorganic compounds do not contain both of these elements

Hydrogen and carbon

What is the freezing point of water?

32 F

0 C

What is the boiling point of water?

212 F

100 C

What is the universal solvent?

Watuh

An electrically positive atom because it has a deficiency of electrons:

(Hint: What element is this?)

Hydrogen

This is formed when the positive end of one molecule is attracted to a negative end of another:

Hydrogen bond

The surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which minimizes surface area:

Surface tension

An example shown was raindrops

How is surface tension lowered?

Adding surfactants

What is the role of surface tension in embalming?

It helps facilitate the fluid through the tissues.

Helps retain moisture in emaciated bodies

What is the primary vehicle used in embalming?

Water

Types of substances considered to be impurities in water:

Soluble solids

Insoluble solids

Bacteria

Gases

Liquids

This type of water contains certain minerals (calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron) that destroy the cleansing action of soap

Hard water

(This water sucks for curly hair)

Can be removed by boiling and is due to the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium and magnesium

Hint: Is this temporary or permanent?

I will have to go back and figure out what this is asking. Water slides.

Temporary

Caused by chloride and sulfate salts of calcium and magnesium, can only be removed with addition of chemicals

Hint: Is this temporary or permanent?

I will have to go back and figure out what this is asking. Water slides.

Permanent hardness

How can you remove hardness from water?

Adding sodium carbonate

Adding soap

Ion exchange systems

Simple distillation

These are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances:

True solutions

A solution that has ethanol as its solvent:

Tincture

A solution with water as its solvent:

Aqueous solution

A solid solution is called:

Alloy

(brass, bronze, stainless steel, and sterling silver)

This is what does the dissolving:

Solvent

This is what is dissolved:

Solute

This is a synonym for the word “solvent”

Vehicle

The quality of being soluble; the amount of a substance that will dissolve in another substance:

Solubility

A solution that contains all of the solute it can hold is described as:

Saturated

(Note: One example is soda. It holds all the carbon dioxide (solvent) in water (solute).

Factors that influence solubility:

The nature of the solute and solvent – “like dissolves like”

Temperature – the solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an increase in temperature

Pressure – only effects gases; soda going flat after being opened as carbon dioxide escapes

A solution that contains a relatively small amount of solute:

Diluted solution

Contains a relatively large amount of solute:

Concentrated

(Note, honey is a concentrated solution. HIGH amount of SUGAR; LOW amount of WATER)

This is when the solute has not reached saturation:

Unsaturated solution

Contains more solute than it can normally hold; difficult to prepare and maintain:

Supersaturated solution

The concentration of formaldehyde in embalming fluid:

Index

Particles move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentrations to attain a uniform concentration:

Diffusion

a type of diffusion specifically through membranes – diffusion of water is from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration

Osmosis

This is when a solute has equal concentration:

Isotonic

(Note, this is an image of 0.9% saline, which is normal saline. This is a isotonic solution. It helps me to be able to think of a real life example)

Saline is considered isotonic because its sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration is similar to that of blood plasma, meaning it doesn't cause cells to shrink or swell when introduced into the body, maintaining fluid balance (thanks google)

This is when a solute has a greater concentration:

Hypertonic

This is when a solute has a lesser concentration:

Hypotonic

Placing a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution causes it to shrink is called:

Crenation

Hypotonic solution can cause the cell to swell and burst. This is called:

Hemolysis

(Note, this is when the red blood cells rupture)

When a body with normal moisture content is embalmed, the injected embalming solution should be — — to the content of the tissues

Slightly hypotonic

Edematous bodies require a — — solution to draw out water

Slightly hypertonic

Dehydrated bodies require a — — solution than normal:

More hypotonic

The study of carbon and substances which contain carbon:

Organic chemistry

Chemical reactions in organic chemistry should produce a minimum of how many types?

Eight

What are the ten types of chemical reactions in organic chemistry?

Acids

Alcohols

Aldehydes

Amides

Amines

Esters

Ethers

Hydrocarbons

Ketone

Mercaptans

Two or more organic substances that contain the same elements and the same number of atoms but have entirely different physical and chemical properties:

Isomers

What is a key factor in identifying an organic substance?

The exact arrangement of atoms

This type of formula usually involves a diagram showing the exact arrangement and bonding patterns of a compound:

The structural/graphic formula

This type of formula is an abbreviation of a structural formula:

Line formula

The simplest organic compounds; contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons only contain these two elements:

Hydrogen and Carbon

Compounds characterized by open-chains of carbon to carbon bonds are considered:

aliphatic/acyclic

Compounds whose chains of carbons form a ring are

called:

aromatic/cyclic

All carbon to carbon bonds are — covalent bonds

Hint: Single, double, or triple?

Single

Are alkanes aromatic or aliphatic?

Aliphatic

(Remember, alk means aliphatic)

These are considered saturated hydrocarbons because they will not hold any more hydrogens

Hint: This is a group of hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Prefix “alk” means:

Aliphatic

Suffix “ane” means

Single bond

Methane is the first member of its class. This is called the Methane class, another term for this class is:

The Paraffin class

CH₄ is…

How many carbon?

How many hydrogen?

Methane

1 carbon

4 hydrogen