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Scientific Revolution
A period of significant change in scientific thought during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Humanism
A Renaissance movement focusing on human potential and achievements, influencing new ideas in science.
Copernicus
Polish mathematician who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
Heliocentric
A model of the universe with the sun at its center.
Ptolemy
Greco-Egyptian mathematician who promoted the geocentric theory.
Geocentric
A model of the universe with Earth at its center.
Kepler
German astronomer who discovered that planetary orbits are elliptical.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer known for his improvements to the telescope and astronomical observations.
Empiricism
A theory emphasizing knowledge through sensory experience and experimentation.
Inductive Reasoning
A method of reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
Deductive Reasoning
A method of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.
Royal Society
An institution established in 1660 to promote scientific research and discussion.
Anatomy
The study of the structure of living organisms.
Physiology
The study of how living organisms function.
Galen
Ancient Greek physician whose anatomical theories were largely incorrect.
Humoral Theory
An ancient belief that health is maintained by balancing four bodily fluids.
Paracelsus
Physician who challenged Galen's ideas by focusing on chemical imbalances.
Andreas Vesalius
Author of 'On the Structure of the Human Body', correcting many of Galen's errors.
William Harvey
Physician who discovered the circulation of blood through the heart.
Natural Laws
General principles governing the behavior of the natural world.
Gravity
The force that attracts objects toward one another, a key concept in Newton's work.
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
The law stating that every mass attracts every other mass in the universe.
Alchemy
A medieval chemical philosophy aimed at transforming base metals into gold.
Astrology
The study of celestial bodies and their influence on human affairs.
Botany
The scientific study of plants.
Zoology
The scientific study of animals.
Cartography
The science and practice of making maps.
Natural History
The study of plants, animals, and the natural world, emphasizing classifying and describing species.
Cinchona Bark
A plant whose bark was used to produce quinine, the first treatment for malaria.
Renaissance
A cultural movement that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, emphasizing art, literature, and science.
Mathematics in Art
The use of mathematical principles to create perspective and depiction in art, influencing scientific observation.
Exploratory Voyages
Journeys undertaken for the purpose of scientific discovery and classification.
Linnaeus
Swedish botanist known for developing a system for classifying organisms.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to research that involves observation, experimentation, and the formulation of hypotheses.
Craters on the Moon
Galileo's discovery that challenged earlier notions of the moon's surface as smooth.
Galilean Moons
Four moons discovered by Galileo orbiting Jupiter, indicating that not everything revolves around the Earth.
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