Unit 4 Canada-US Relations and Reconciliation

Britain and Can relations

• In 1900, 60% Canadians born in UK

• Biggest trading partner

• Wilfred Laurier 1911, liberal, 1886-1911

American Invasions

• American Revolution 1775 and war of 1812

• All invasions failed

Alaska Boundary Dispute

• 1825, Britain vs. Russia boarder, ensure shipping route

• No specific boarder in signing

• 1839 trading began

• 1867 when USA bought Alaska

• Led to gold rush 1887, Canada needed support to dispatch the gold

• 1903 Alaska treaty for boarder (Map was inaccurate)

Theodore Roosevelt

• first one to introduce the 51st state talk

• brigade American regulars

Tribunal

• 1903

• Wilfred Laurier

- Issue the can dependent on Britain, can’t maintain right

- Led to free trade “Reciprocity”

→ Liberal party wanted to improve USA trade and reduce portions

→ Free trade for natural resources

→ pitched in 1911, Canadians to be afraid of business and job lossage

• where 2 CAN and 2 US and 1 British who sided with USA

The fall of Wilfred Laurier

• 1911

• Commercial annex of USA

• Conservative parties disagree and West farmers supported

• Clifford, protested Reciprocity

• Robert Gordon Won election and beat Laurier

March 1918

• WW1 American neutrality

• Canadian veterans boo visited secretary of state

Tariffs

Prime Minister Robert and William used tariffs to protect Canadian industries

Branch Plants

• began in the 1900s

• American companies got brought into Canada

Advantages: More Money

Disadvantages: Profit went to America

Halibut Treaty

• 1923 where Canada had their 1st negotiation with Britain

• Can-US agreement of who had the right to fish in the Northern Pacific

• Mackenzie forced to stay away from Britain

1935 Free Trade

• Granted lower rates and concessions of 2/3 of exports for Canada

• USA receives ¾ exports

1939-1945 (WW2)

• USA+CAN together for economy and protection of their countries

• FDR goes to Queens in 1938, who emphasizes relations

• 1940 created ‘permanent joint of defence’

• FDR said UK needs to go down to stop Hitler

1949

• Creation of NATO

• signed by 12 nations

• mutual defence

St. Lawerence Seaway

• 1950

• huge displacement of Indigenous peoples

• created a huge project for both Can and US

Cold War

• fear of communism brought the two countries together

• Canadians found that they were heavily USA influenced

• “PEW system”

→ 3 line system

→ simulated Can territory and USA ruled it

NORAD

• 1958

• North American Air Defence

• Pool of resources for CAN and USA defence in the air

• Controlled by the American General, Deputy of CAN

Red Scare

• 1940-1960s

• Paranoid about communism in CAN and US government

• 1957 Herbert Norman accused of being a communist by USA senate

The Bomarc Debate

• 1959-1963

• USA wanted CAN to have missiles on their soil

• 1958, USA pressured Can to agree to surface-to-air missiles on Soviets

• Between JFK and J. Defenbaker

• led to the 1962 cuban missile crisis

Lester B Pearson

• 1963-1968

• globally known as pro-peace

• April 2, 1965 acceptance speech of the world peace award, Johnston did not approve of

Reconciliation

• to address the harms caused by various policies and programs of colonization

Indigenous Rights and the Charter

• Aboriginal and Treaty Rights were excluded from the list

• got 2 clauses in the PART 2 of the constitution, outside of the Notwithstanding Clause

Section 35

• Treaties are recognized and affirmed, but doesn’t define them (FNMI help define)

• includes multiple nations

• land claims are within the constitution

• guaranteed equally to male and female persons

UNDRIP

• United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples produced in 2007

• all countries except USA, CAN, New Zealand (CAN signed in 2010)

• Describes what rights they have, own traditional laws, language, land and water usage, own their lands

• sets standards

Auto-Pact

• 1965

• to integrate auto manufacturing, waving tariffs crossing the border

• Canada and US depending on each other, more exports than imports

Pierre Trudeau

• 1968-1984

• turned back on Pearson when he voted against women’s rights

• Vietnam War 1968 saw selling weapons to USA created a lack of morality, even though they continued to sell weapons

Options

1. maintain present relationships with USA

2. Integration with USA

3. Long-term strategy to reduce Canadian dependency on USA (could never happen bc of the exports that go to US)

• 1973, passed Foreign Investment Review Act which made examine of companies ability to expand, buy and trade

• Jimmy Carter aligned with him

Montreal ‘ BED in For Peace’

• John Lennon spent eight days protesting in bed for peace in Vietnam

Richard Nixton

• 1968-1974

• extreme conservative USA president

• did not like P.Tru

• aggressively fought in the Vietnam War

Revolution in Cuba

• USA turned hostile

• Castro created alliance with USSr

• USA cut diplomatic and economic ties with Cuba basically got mad at anyone who still aligned with them

Reagonomics

• economic policy ‘trickle down’

• more money for cooperations = more jobs

• tax cuts, regulates money, social and public funding went down

• recovery of stagflation

Brian Mulroney

• 1984-1993

• Conservative

• top priority was Can and Us relations

Shamrock Summits

• Irish get together

• President Reagan and Mulroney to bond over heritage

Helms Burton Law

• 1996

• reaffirmed economic embargo on Cuba

• international business could now be liable for American $$ loss in Cuba (all countries that use Cuba)

• Canada purposes ‘Godfrey milking-bill’ response to the law

Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA)

• 1987 signed implemented 1989

• auto manufacturing, agriculture, and energy benefit form the expansion

• lowered cost of exporting goods

• fazed out tariffs

Northern American Free Trade Agreement

• 1992

• NAFTA increased trade volumes

• economy became more integrated with partners

• ‘Investor state agreement’ take a a member arbitration

Canada-US-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)

• 2020

• introduced new rules on digital trading

• reduce control dairy exports

• trump threatened to pull out of agreement if changes weren’t made

• lost policy flexibility