LECTURE 1: GENETICS: THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITY AND VARIATION

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Transmission genetics

Molecular genetics

Population genetics

There are Three Interrelated Fields in Genetics what are they?

Transmission genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Describes how traits are passed on from one generation to the next

Transmission genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Discusses the relationship between chromosomes and heredity

Transmission genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Discusses how the individual inherits their genetic makeup and passes it on to the next generation

Transmission genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Describes chromosomes as bearers of genes

Transmission genetics

This field of genetics:

• Elucidates the arrangement of genes or chromosomes

• Involves Mapping of genes on chromosomes

Molecular genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Explains how genetic information is replicated, encoded, or expressed

Molecular genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Examines the chemical nature of the gene

Population genetics

Field of genetics described as:

Studies the genetic composition of groups of individuals of the same species

Population genetics

Field of genetics described as:

• Determines how the composition of a population changes over time

• It is the study of evolution (genetic changes)

Molecular Genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

• Structure and functions of genes at the molecular level

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Molecular Genetics

Branch of genetics:

It considers the processes whereby biological information is stored, copied, repaired, and decoded to create protein.

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Molecular Genetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies the processes in the central dogma of ________ biology

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Cytogenetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies the behavior of chromosomes, which are the carriers of genes

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Developmental Genetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies how genes control the growth and development of an organism throughout its life cycle.

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Developmental Genetics

Branch of genetics:

• Studies gene regulation during development

  • Gene regulation, however, does not mean all genes are on.

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies of how genetic variation leads to speciation and adaptation, and genetic change in response to selection within populations 

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies genetic change within and between species

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Biochemical genetics

Branch of genetics:

Studies the relationship of genes and their control over the function of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway.

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Biochemical genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

• Role of enzymes and proteins in a metabolic pathway

• Product of genes

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Biochemical genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

• Genetic basis of metabolic disorders 

  • E.g. albinism

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Branch of genetics:

• Studies how genetic and environmental influences would affect behavior.

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Behavioral traits that are inherited and genetic basis of behavioral disorders 

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

E.g. schizophrenia, alcoholism, manic depression, criminality

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Population genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

The fate of genes in the population

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Population genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Factors affecting gene frequencies

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Quantitative genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Studies the role of genetics and environmental factors on the inheritance of traits that are controlled by many genes and highly affected by the environment.

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Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Quantitative genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Inheritance and expression of quantitative traits

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Quantitative genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Role of genetic and environmental factors

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Human genetics

Branch of genetics that studies:

Studies traits, diseases, and abnormalities in humans that are inherited.

.

Molecular Genetics

Cytogenetics

Developmental Genetics

Evolutionary Genetics

Biochemical genetics

Behavioral Genetics

Population genetics

Quantitative genetics

Human genetics

Blending

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Before 1860s

  • ________ theory of inheritance

  • Offspring are intermediate between parents

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Recall that in the golden age of Greek culture (500-300 BC)

  • Attention was given to:

    • Reproduction

    • Heredity

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Recall that in the golden age of Greek culture (500-300 BC)

  • Attention was given to:

    • Reproduction

    • Heredity
      

Theory of Pangenesis

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Hippocrates, Aristotle, Darwin

  • _____________ (initially greek theory of inheritance)

    • All structures and organs of the body contribute copies of themselves to sex cells

Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

Beginnings of Genetics:

• 1801 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

  • Theory of __________

  • Acquired body modifications are inherited

• 1801 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Beginnings of Genetics:

He presented the Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

Acquired body modifications are inherited

Beginnings of Genetics:

What was the Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Germplasm theory

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Theory wherein Plans of the entire body are contributed only by the sex cells

  • Plans - genes, information
    

August Weismann

Beginnings of Genetics:

Who presented the Germplasm theory

uniform; diversity.

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Kolreuter, Gartner, Naudin, Charles Darwin (around 1800s)

  • Found that F₁ or first filial generations may show _________ appearance, but their F₂ or second filial generation offspring would usually produce considerable _________.

• Law of segregation

• Law of independent assortment

Beginnings of Genetics:

• Beginning of classical genetics

  • 1865 Gregor Mendel (father of genetics)

  • Concept of the gene

  • Presence of discrete hereditary unit

  • Explains similarities and differences among parents and offspring.

  • Responsible for 2 important laws of genetics

    • ____________________

    • ____________________

    • ____________________
      

• Chromosome theory of inheritance

Beginnings of Genetics:

• 1903 Walter Sutton (USA) and Theodor Boveri (Germany)

  • ______________

    • Chromosomes contain the genes

    • states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Mendel's laws of inheritance.

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Beginnings of Genetics:

• This theory states that Chromosomes contain the genes

• This theory states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Mendel's laws of inheritance.

genes; chromosomes

Beginnings of Genetics:

• 1910-1916 Thomas Huntt Morgan and Calvin Bridges

  • Association between specific ________ and specific ________, a sort of linkage

• DNA

Beginnings of Genetics:

• 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

  • Identified ______ as hereditary material

• Eludication of the DNA structure, such as the DNA being a double helix

Beginnings of Genetics:

• 1953 James Watson, Francis Crick

  • Eludication of the _______ structure, such as the ______ being a double _____

1. Microbial, plant, and animal improvement

2. Medicine

3. Genetic counselling

4. Legal Applications

What are three Applications of Genetics?

• BT corn, cotton, soybean

• Transgenic papaya (papaya with delayed ripening)

• Tomato with high anthocyanin (anti-inflammatory) and resveratrol (anti-hypertension and anti-heart disease)

• Insulin-producing bacterial cells

• Transgenic fishes, transgenic cotton

Application of Genetics:

Provide an example of genetically modified organisms.

• Identification of diseases and abnormalities (with genetic basis)

• Metabolic disorders

  • Phenylketonuria

  • Galactosemia

• Newborn screening

• Gene therapy

  • Addition of missing gene

  • A mutant adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene was replaced in a 4-year-old girl in 1990

    • Treated SCID or severe combined immune deficiency syndrome

    • Susceptible to all types of infection

• Human gene editing

Application of Genetics:

What are some examples of applications of genetics in Medicine?

Genetic counselling

Application of Genetics:

It is the process of advising individuals affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to avoid Inheritance of undesirable traits

Euphenics

Application of Genetics:

It is a Medical and/or genetic intervention, designed to reduce the impact of defective genotypes on individuals

• Blood type analysis

• DNA fingerprinting 

• DNA barcoding

  • Paternity testings

  • Disputed parentage

  • Criminal identification
    

Application of Genetics:

Name at least 2 examples of legal applications of genetics.