Human Geography Exam Review Part 3

capital

the municipality exercising primary status in a state, province, or other administrative region

seat of government

the building, complex of buildings, or the city from which a government exercises its authority

democracy

a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislation

autocracy

a system of government in which a single person or party possesses supreme and absolute power

anocracy

a form of government loosely defined as part democracy and part dictatorship

unitary state

a state where power is placed in the hands of a central government

federal state

a state where power is allocated to units of local government within the country

voting districts

contiguous territorial subdivisions for electing members to a legislative body

redistricting

redrawing legislative boundaries

gerrymandering

the process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit a particular party

geopolitics

the study of geographic factors in world politics and inter-state relations

territoriality

the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

organic theory

geopolitical theory that countries need nourishment in the form of new territories to survive

sea power theory

geopolitical theory that control of the sea leads to control of the world

heartland theory

geopolitical theory that controlling the heartland (eastern Europe) leads to control of the world island, which leads to control of the world

Rimland theory

geopolitical theory that states that controlling the rimland (Coastal Europe, SW Asia, and S Asia) leads to control of the world

containment

United States foreign policy to prevent the spread of communism by forming a barrier between communist states and other states

domino theory

geopolitical theory that a political event that happens in one country will cause similar events to happen in surrounding countries

neocolonialism

the economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas of people

satellite state

a state that is formally independent, but is under heavy political, economic, or military control from another country

buffer state

a state lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers

shatterbelt

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces

choke point

a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another nation

network

a set of interconnected entities or nodes without a center or hierarchy

globalization

the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale

supranationalism

the state or condition of transcending national boundaries, authority, or interests

development

a process of improvement in the material conditions of people though diffusion of knowledge and technology

human development index

a measurement of how developed a state is

living standards, health, education

factors of the HDI (3)

GNI per capita

measure of living standards in the HDI

life expectancy at birth

measure of health in HDI

mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling

measurement of education in HDI

productivity

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

GII

the measure of equality between men and women

foreign direct investment

investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

structural adjustment program

economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade

agriculture

the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

neolithic revolution

agricultural revolution \~12,000 years ago where plant cultivation was first discovered and animals were first domesticated

subsistence agriculture

a type of agriculture where families or social groups work together to make food to live on

commercial agriculture

a type of agriculture where products are raised solely to be sole in markets

extensive agriculture

agriculture that requires lots of lab but not a lot of labor for that land

intensive agriculture

agriculture where a small amount of land is used, but lots of labor is needed for that land

pastoral nomadism

a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

Pidgin languages

simplified forms of the language that use key vocabulary words and limited grammar

theocracy

where religious leaders hold the senior positions of governance

transhumance

the seasonal migration of livestock between pastures

shifting cultivation

extensive agriculture also called slash and burn or swidden

plantation agriculture

Large farms in tropical and subtropical climates that specialize in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

truck farming

commercial gardening and fruit farming

milkshed

the area around a city from where milk can be supplied without spoiling

green revolution

the third agriculture revolution where a large increase in crop production in developing countries was achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties

von thunen’s model

agriculture model aiming to explain patterns for the types of products farmers produce at different positions relative to the market where they sell their products

dairy and market gardening

von thunen ring 1 (outside of market)

forests

von thunen ring 2

grain and field crops

von thunen ring 3

livestock ranching

von thunen ring 4

industrial revolution

the process that transformed agrarian and handcrafted economies into ones defined by mechanization and powered by new sources of energy

U.S + Canada, Russia + Ukraine, Central and Western Europe, East Asia

4 primary industrial zones

special economic zone

an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country

site

the unique characteristics of a placesi

situation

where things are in relation to other things

labor intensive industry

an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses

agglomeration

the concentration of human activities in a cluster around a central place

bulk-reducing industry

an industry in which the final product weighs less or takes up less space than its inputs; cheaper to transport final product than inputs

bulk-gaining industry

an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than its inputs; final product more expensive to ship

single-market manufacturers

specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers; locate themselves near customers

right to work law

united states laws that prohibit ‘closed shops’ and prevent workers from being required to join unions

new international division of labor

transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

time-space compression

increasing the efficiency of time in the delivery process by diminishing distance obstacles

break of bulk point

location where portions of cargo are unloaded and redistributed for redirection

tertiary sector

sector of the economy consisting of the provision of services instead of end products

consumer services

businesses that provide services primarily to individual customers

business services

services that primarily meet the needs of other services

public services

services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

central place

the market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area

market area

also called hinterland; the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

threshhold

the minimum number of people needed to support a service

rank-size rule

a country’s nth largest city is 1/n the size of its largest

primate city

a country’s largest city that has more than twice as many people as its next largest city

gravity model

a market area analysis model that predicts the optimal locations of a service directly related to the number of people in an area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it

business service

services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

global city

a city which is a primary node in the global economic network

basic industry

an industry that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

non-basic industry

an industry that sells its products primarily to consumers in the community

economic base

a community’s collection of basic industries

clustered rural settlement

a rural settlement in which the house and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement

dispersed rural settlement

a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

urbanization

the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities

city-state

independent self-governing community that includes the settlement and nearby countryside

central business district

the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

functional zonation

the idea that portions of an urban area have specific and distinct purposes

CBD

concentric zone model ring 1

manufacturing

Concentric zone model ring 2

lower-class housing

concentric zone model ring 3

middle-class housing

concentric zone model ring 4

upper-class housing

concentric zone model ring 5

festival landscapes

modern concentric zone model ring 2

plaza

a central square often found in latin american cities

squatters

people who settle on land they don’t own