Measurement of atmospheric gases
Satellite Measurements
Direct Measurement from Earth by monitoring stations
Why are atmospheric gases measured?
Data must be collected to evaluate hypotheses and make predictions
Atmospheric gases have important effects on:
Photosynthesis rates
pH of seawater
Global temperature
Extent of polar ice sheets
Sea level and position of coastlines
Ocean currents
Distribution of rainfall
Frequency and severity of extreme weather
Greenhouse Gas
gases in the atmosphere that can
absorb and reflect long wave radiation back to Earth
trapping heat near Earth’s surface, keeping Earth much warmer than it otherwise would be.
GG: CO2
Added to atmosphere via cell respiration and combustion
Removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and diffusion into the ocean
GG: H2O
Added to atmosphere via evaporation from ocean and transpiration from plants
Removed from the atmosphere by rainfall and snow
GG: CH4
Added to atmosphere via:
Methanogenic archaea performing anaerobic respiration
Melting of tundra (where methane has been trapped in frozen soil)
Removed from the atmosphere by oxidation to become CO2 and H2O.
GG: N2O
Added to atmosphere whenever combustion occurs in the presence of nitrogen
(vehicle exhaust, lightning strikes).
Factors of Capability of GGs
Greater capacity to absorb longwave radiation
a greater warming impact per molecule
Concentration within the atmosphere
a greater warming impact
concentration is determined by: rate of release and persistence within the atmosphere
CH4 vs CO2
carbon dioxide persists longer in the atmosphere as methane is more reactive and breaks down easily.
Methane absorbs a narrower range of wavelengths than carbon dioxide
Methane is released into the atmosphere at a lower rate than carbon dioxide
Therefore CO2 has a greater impact on global warming/greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect
process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere
warms the planet's surface to a temperature
above what it would be without its atmosphere.
Relative Wavelength sizes
UV: smallest but most energy
Visible: middle but middle
Infrared: largest but least energy
Short wave radiation
Mainly visible light
Emitted from the sun
Peaks at wavelength of 400 nm
UV, visible and infrared wavelengths
Long wave radiation
Mainly infrared received from sun
Emitted from the Earth
Peaks at wavelength of 10,000 nm
Infrared only
Absorption & Emission of GG
Earth absorbs short wave and emits long wave radiation
Greenhouse gases capture the long wave radiation
Long wave is passed back to Earth, causing warming
Ocean Acidification: Effects
leads to the death of coral polyps and algae
colour of the reef goes from being richly multi-coloured to being as white as bone coral reef death is called bleaching
interrupts the food chain, causing many of the organisms that live there to seek food and shelter elsewhere.