CS 411 Midterm

What are the phases of the Waterfall Model?

requirements → design → implementation → testing → maintenance

When should you use the Waterfall model?

• requirements are well defined and set

• enhancing an existing system

• large-scale projects

What are challenges with the Waterfall model?

• Inflexible

• Late testing

• Delayed work products

What are the types of prototyping?

Throwaway/rapid and evolutionary

What are the advantages of prototyping?

• user involvement

• identifies issues early

• flexible

What are the disadvantages of prototyping?

• time-consuming

• incomplete functionality

• potential miscommunication

When should you use prototyping?

When the requirements are fuzzy

What is a sprint? How long is it typically?

A time-boxed iteration during which a potentially shippable product increment is made

2-4 weeks

Who are the members of a SCRUM team

Product Owner

Scrum Master

Dev Team

What does a product owner do

Defines features/functionalities

Ensures team delivers value to customer

What does a scrum master do

Facilitate scrum process

Act as servant-leader for team

What does a development team consist of

developers, software testers, software architects

What happens during sprint planning?

Dev team works with product owner + stakeholder to develop product backlog (rank items by importance, determine what can be delivered in sprint)

What is a product backlog

Prioritized list of all product requirements/features

What is a sprint backlog

subset of product backlog to be completed in current sprint

What happens during a daily standup

track progress, make plans for next 24 hours, declare sprint backlog items complete

Who decides whether to terminate a sprint or extend the sprint?

product owner

What is an increment

the union of all backlog items completed in previous sprints and all backlog items to be completed in current sprint

What are the 3 types of requirements representation

Informal, semi-formal, formal

What is the most common type of requirements representation

Informal

What does a requirements document include

A definition and specific requirements

What are the considerations for a requirement (7)

singular, feasible, unambiguous, complete, consistent, verifiable, traceable

What are the considerations for a set of requirements

complete, consistent, bounded, affordable

How many steps should you aim for in a use case

3-9

What does a use case diagram look like

What is card sorting and what is it used for

Stakeholders complete set of cards including key info about functionality - Requirements engineer organizes cards

Used to develop CRC class(name, capabilities (high level features), responsibilities (what function/data it implements), collaborators (other classes it works w)) to determine program classes in code

What is designer as apprentice

When the designer becomes the apprentice by assisting/performing user’s tasks under their supervision

What is domain analysis

• Assess landscape of related and competing applications

• Identify essential + missing functionality, reusable components

What is ethnographic observation

Long periods of observation of human activity where you gather direct/indirect evidence

Describe goal based approaches

Start from mission statement, provide lower level goals → branched into specific high-level reqs → generate lower-level ones

What are the different types of interviews

Unstructured, structured, semi-structured

When is introspection useful

When the requirement engineer’s domain knowledge exceeds the customer’s

When are questionnaires used

In early stages to quickly define scope boundaries

When are questionnaires most useful

When domain is well understood by stakeholders and RE

What are workshops

gatherings of stakeholders to address requirements issues

What does a domain model look like

_

What is a generalization and how is it represented

Organizes concepts with a commonality

Represented by hollow arrow

What does aggregation represent? What symbol is it represented with

Represents a whole-part relationship

Hollow diamond

What are the different types of actors

primary, supporting, off-stage

What does a SSD look like

_

What does a operations contract consist of

Name (function), responsibilities, type, exceptions, pre-conditions, post-conditions

Information Expert

Who should be responsible for a behavior?

Creator

who should create a new object?

Controller

Who handles a system event (use case input)?

What does low coupling do

reduce dependency between classes

What does high cohesion do

Keeps classes focused and manageable

What is the law of demeter

method should only talk to its immediate collaborators

What are examples of GRASP tensions

Controller vs High Cohesion

Polymorphism vs Indirection

What does a class diagram look like 

_

What does a class diagram include

attributes, method names, type information (for attributes), navigability (arrows), multiplicity

What is push in Git between

local → remote repo

What is pull in Git between

working directory ← remote repo

What are the advantages of a distributed version control system

• Performing actions is extremely fast

• Committing new changes can be done locally

• A group of changes can be pushed all at once

• Everything but pushing/pulling can be done without internet

What are the OO Design steps

Use cases -> SSD -> Domain Model -> Operation Contract -> Interaction Diagram -> Class Diagram

What is included in a test case template

title, author, priority, requirement, pre-condition, steps to execute, estimated duration, expected output

What are state-less vs state-oriented systems

State-less: outcome depends solely on current input

State-oriented: outcome depends on state of system and current input

What are the different testing levels

Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing

Characteristics of testing

security, robustness, performance, usability, reliability

What are the two kinds of statements in control flow testing

assignment and conditional

What are the different types of black box testing

Boundary value testing, equivalence class partitioning, decision table, all-pairs

What are the two white box testing techniques

control flow testing and data flow testing

What is Git

a decentralized version control system

What does a test case include

title, use case, technique, pre-condition, input, steps to execute, expected results

What are the two kinds of basic program statements in control flow testing

Assignment statements and conditional statements

What are the different types of nodes in control flow testing

Start node, decision node, procedure node, terminal node

What are the two kinds of paths in control flow graph

Executable path and infeasible path

What does a quadruple consist of (control flow graph)

E: set of edges

N: set of nodes

s: start node

t: terminal node

What are the different types of coverage (in order least to most thorough)

Statement coverage → branch coverage → simple path coverage → all path coverage

How to calculate cyclomatic complexity

Count # of linearly independent paths

V(G) = E - N + 2P

#of decision points (if, while, for) + 1

How much code coverage should you aim for

70-80%

What are the different types of system tests

Basic, functionality, robustness, inter-operability, performance, scalability, stress, load and stability, reliability, regression, documentation, regulatory

How to calculate Defect Removal Efficiency

DRE = (# defects found in testing) / (# defects found in testing + # defects not found)

What are the three types of data flow anomaly

dd, ur, du

What are some examples of exploratory testing

Landmark, FedEx, Anti Social, Obsessive Compulsive, After-Hours, TOGOF, Museum, All-Nighter, Rained-out, Guidebook, Supporting Actor, Supermodel

What are the two levels of data flow testing

Static: identify data flow anomaly

Dynamic: actual program execution (control flow testing)