Air and Water Locomotion

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13 Terms

1
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  • Explain how an airfoil generates lift and compare its function in birds, bats, and cetaceans (hydrofoil in the case of cetaceans).

2
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<p>Provide the four forces that act on flying organisms.</p>

Provide the four forces that act on flying organisms.

  1. lift

  2. thrust

  3. drag

  4. gravity

3
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<p>Know the parts of a bat's patagium and what they are involved in.&nbsp;</p>

Know the parts of a bat's patagium and what they are involved in. 

  1. Uropatagium

    1. controls turning

  2. Propatagium

    1. controls lift

  3. Wing Tip

    1. controls thrust

4
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  • Compare the morphological adaptations that distinguish high vs. low aspect ratio wings in bats and predict their ecological consequences (foraging range, maneuverability, dispersal).

Low Aspect Ratio Wings

High Aspect Ratio Wings

Nectar feeders

Insectivores 

Slow, agile, and highly manuverable 

Swift, efficient, and high-speed

Live in forests + dense vegetation

Live in open areas

Small foraging range

Large foraging range

Poor dispersers/migrators

Good dispersers/migrators

<table style="min-width: 50px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><strong>Low Aspect Ratio Wings</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><strong>High Aspect Ratio Wings</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Nectar feeders</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Insectivores&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Slow, agile, and highly manuverable&nbsp;</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Swift, efficient, and high-speed</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Live in forests + dense vegetation</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Live in open areas</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Small foraging range</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Large foraging range</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Poor dispersers/migrators</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Good dispersers/migrators</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
5
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Birds vs bat flight

Bird Flight

Bat Flight

Wings = modified forelimbs with feathers

Wings = elongated digits with patagium membrane

Feathers generate airfoil + lift

Patagium surface generates lift

Stiff primaries generate thrust

Wing tips generate thrust

Rigid feathers = thicker airfoil → efficient lift per wingbeat

Thin, flexible membrane = thinner airfoil → must flap wings frequently to maintain lift

Inflexible, lightweight skeleton

Flexible skeleton + uropatagium

Keeled sternum = strong flight muscles

Less prominent keeled sternum 

High efficiency for long distance flight

Lower efficiency for long distances

Best for tight areas 

<table style="min-width: 50px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><strong>Bird Flight</strong></span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><strong>Bat Flight</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Wings = modified forelimbs with feathers</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Wings = elongated digits with patagium membrane</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Feathers generate airfoil + lift</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Patagium surface generates lift</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Stiff primaries generate thrust</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Wing tips generate thrust</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Rigid feathers = thicker airfoil → efficient lift per wingbeat</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Thin, flexible membrane = thinner airfoil → must flap wings frequently to maintain lift</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Inflexible, lightweight skeleton</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Flexible skeleton + uropatagium</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Keeled sternum = strong flight muscles</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Less prominent keeled sternum&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">High efficiency for long distance flight</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Lower efficiency for long distances</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Best for tight areas&nbsp;</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
6
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True flight vs gliding

1 similarity and 1 difference

similarity

  • aspect ratio determines effectivness of glide

difference

  • gliding flight path is downward

<p>similarity</p><ul><li><p>aspect ratio determines effectivness of glide</p></li></ul><p>difference</p><ul><li><p>gliding flight path is downward</p></li></ul><p></p>
7
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  • Trace the evolutionary transition of cetaceans from semi-aquatic ancestors (Archaeocetes) to fully aquatic forms, highlighting skeletal and morphological changes.

8
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  • Identify key adaptations in cetaceans for energy conservation (body shape, hairless, smooth skin, loss of appendages, telescoping skull) and explain their functional significance for efficient locomotion.

9
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  • Compare high vs. low aspect ratio tail flukes in cetaceans and relate them to differences in thrust, acceleration, and energy costs.

10
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  • Describe at what point porpoising in dolphins becomes advantageous as it relates to reductions in drag versus expending the energy required to jump.

11
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  • Contrast convergent adaptations in Sirenia vs. Cetacea, with emphasis on buoyancy control, body form, and vulnerability to human threats.

12
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  • Compare the locomotor strategies of otariids (eared seals) and phocids (earless seals) in both aquatic and terrestrial contexts, linking morphology to movement efficiency.

13
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  • Discuss convergent adaptations for aquatic life in marine carnivores (seals, sea lions, otters) and semi-aquatic mammals (beaver, desman, potamogale), focusing on body streamlining, limb modification, and tail/flipper structure.