Module 4 SS quiz

What stops our lungs from collapsing?

Pleural pressure/linkage and the pleural fluid (surfactant)

Identify the structures through which air passes as we breathe

The nasal and oral cavities, then
The laryngeal system, then
The pulmonary system: the trachea, bronchial tree and the lungs

Describe the movement of air from the trachea to the alveoli

Trachea -> L&R Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary) -> bronchiole -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli -> blood vessels (gas exchange occurs)

What are the main inspiratory muscles and what effect do they have on the ribcage when contracted?

They are the diaphragm and the external intercostals. Upon contraction, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity from anterior-posteriorly, superior-inferiorly, and medial-laterally.
The diaphragm flattens when contracted and the external intercostals expand the ribcage upward and outward.

What are the main expiratory muscles and what effect do they have on the ribcage when contraction?

They are the internal intercostals and the abdominals. They depress the ribcage when engaged. The internal intercostals contrack the ribs downward and inward, and the abdominal muscles push the diaphragm back to it's relaxed position

Explain what resting expiratory level means

REL is when the positive forces of the lung and the forces of the chest wall are equal and opposite (so the chest wall is negative). Another way of saying this is that the passive expiratory forces are balanced to zero. It's about 38% vital capacity and its the lung position at the end of a quiet tidal expiration.

What are relaxation pressures?

the passive forces of expiration: gravity, alveoli surface tension, and elastic recoil acting to return the breathing system to REL at various vital capacities

What is the relationship between the passive relaxation pressure curve and vital capacity? (below REL)

As you are at a lower VC (about 20-38%), the relaxation pressure is more negative. The lung relaxation pressure is slightly positive, but the chest wall relaxation pressure is largely negative. This drives the lung volume to increase to REL (38%).

What is the relationship between the passive relaxation pressure curve and vital capacity? (above REL)

As your VC increases, the relaxation forces become more and more positive. The individual forces of the lung and chest wall are both positive. This relaxation pressure will cause the lungs to decrease volume to return to REL. There is an incredible desire to generate compressive force and exhale

What is the VC about which there is zero positive or negative pressure from the chest wall?

55% VC; the ribs are in a neutral position but the natural elastic recoil and surface tension of alveoli in the lungs (lungs=positive pressure) still cause you to exhale to get back down to REL

When you move above REL, what will the passive relaxation pressures do?

the relaxation forces work to decrease lung volume

When you move below REL, what will the passive relaxation pressures do?

The relaxation forces work to increase lung volume

What must be present to initiate speech production?

1-2cm H2O subglottal pressure

When we have extra subglottal pressure than needed to overcome the passive relaxation forces to generate speech, what will our muscles do? (in quiet typical speech)

the inspiratory muscles are recruited to overcome the positive relaxation pressure (top of the relaxation pressure curve- the chest wall is (+) or (0) and the lungs are (+) = positive pressure) and slow the expiration

At lounder volumes, what happens when we have extra subglottal pressure than needed to overcome the passive relaxation forces to generate speech?

the inspiratory muscles are still used at the higher VCs, but the expiratory muscles will take over at a higher VC point (55% for quiet vs 78% for loud)

When we have less subglottal pressure than needed to overcome the passive relaxation forces to generate speech, what do our muscles do? (typical speech)

The expiratory muscles are recruited to keep the subglottal pressure stable when the relaxation pressure is less than subglottal pressure (and we have less VC). Positive forces are generated to overcome the negative forces that are telling us to exhale and maintain positive pressure

Passive relaxation pressure is _____ the solitary force managing speech breathing

never; active muscle force contributes

Magnitude of inspiratory muscle force during sustaining speech is _____ related to lung volume

Directly

Magnitude of expiratory muscle force during sustaining speech is _____ related to lung volume

inversely (as lung volume decreases, the magnitude of how much you're using expiratory muscle forces increase)

Contrast endomorph to ectomorph speech breathing

endomorph: laborious to change volume, they use greater abdominal wall activity instead of the ribcage like ecomorphs, diaphragm may be constricted due to additional mass

What are some cognitive-linguistic variables in speech

rate, prosody, boundaries between phrases

What is hypoventilation?

too little O2

What is a driving pressure?

The pressure difference between two areas/points that result in air flowing from the high to low pressure region

What are some resistances to breathing?

Airway resistance such as asthma or bronchitis, elastic resistance such as the work of the inspiratory muscles during speech to slow exhalation, and viscosity

Airflow is _____ _____ to driving pressure but ____ ______ to resistance

directly proportional; inversely proportional

If you double the airway diameter what happens to the air resistance and thus the airflow?

The resistance lowers by a factor of 16 and the airflow increases by a factor of 16

Our nasal and laryngeal cavities contribute to what kind of flow?

turbulent flow

Below 38-60% VC, expiratory muscle activity must be used to:

maintain subglottal pressure nad overcome the passive relaxation forces

What muscles are active (at varying degrees at the beginning of an utterance (according to the textbook)?

diaphragm, external intercostals, and abdominals

the _____ assist in expiration to stabilize the chest wall and provide a force against which throacic muscles can work

abdominals

explain the three passive forces that comprise relaxation pressure curve

elastic recoil: the lungs and ribcages ability to expand and compress with our respiration cycles
surface tension of alveoli: the alveolis ability to open and close with respiration cycle
gravity: it allows things to be pushed and pulls and is always exerting a force

How is the cycle of inhalation/exhalation altered for running speech compared to tidal breathing?

the inspiratory phase is shortened and the expiratory phase is lengthened

what is a phrase breath group

the number of words spoken on one exhalation

what is clavicular breathing?

the overactivity of the pectoral muscles during breathing

what is chest breathing?

breathing where the diaphragm and chest move without visible abdominal movement

what is diaphramatic breathing?

the abdominal contents distend outward which allows the diaphragm to contract and flatten easily; this is most efficient