CMD Midterm

body cavities; superior to inferior

-cranial

-vertebral

-thoracic

-abdominal

-pelvic

peripheral/ central

-toward the outside/ toward center

ventral/ dorsal

toward stomach/ toward back

anterior/ posterior

toward front/ toward back

superficial/ deep

at the surface/ away from the surface

medial/ lateral

toward the middle/ toward the side

proximal/ distal

toward the body/ away from body

caudal/ rostral

toward the tail (away from head)/ toward the nose

external/ internal

outside/ inside

sagittal

divides the body into right and left

coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

transverse (horizontal)

divides the body into superior and inferior sections (bottom and top)

pathologic physiology

study of how function is altered by presence of disease process

microscopic anatomy

details of anatomy are viewed through a microscope

developmental anatomy

studies growth of the organism from a single cell until birth

geriatric anatomy

focus on elderly population

general physiology

general laws of life and function

applied physiology

use of knowledge of physiology for specific purpose

applied anatomy

emphasis on the practical application of knowledge of anatomy

descriptive anatomy

body= number of systems

special physiology

study of function of specific organs

experimental physiology

knowledge of function of living things is revealed through use of subjects

rhomboid minor

pulls scapula backward

rhomboid major

acts with the rhomboid minor to pull scapula backward

air taken in

thorax expands

air is expelled

thorax contracts

boyles law

as volume decreases, air pressure in a container increases

increased thoracic volume=

decreased air pressure

larynx

dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts

inhalation

diaphragm contracts and thoracic cavity enlarges

exhalation

diaphragm relaxes and thoracic cavity returns to starting size

cilia

hair like projections help move mucus, foreign objects etc

epithelium

lines trachea

bronchi

connects the trachea to the lungs

terminal bronchioles

communicative with the alveolar ducts to open into the air sacs of the lungs

tertiary bronchi

divide and continually become smaller

alveoli

lined by single layer of epithelial cells resting on a thin basement membrane

lungs

located in the mediastinum region of the thorax

-passive tissue

pleurae

each lung is totally enclosed by a pleural sac

mediastinum

space in between the sacs

-where the heart, esophagus, and blood vessels are located

visceral pleura

lines the outer surface of the lungs

parietal pleura

lines the thoracic cavity, thoracic surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum

pleural space

between the visceral and parietal pleura and is fluid filled

pleural linkage

when thoracic walls move, so must the lungs

pleural

provides a friction free surface for the lungs and thorax

diaphragm

primarily located in the thorax

movement in the diaphragm is

predominantly involuntary

accessory muscles

can breathe quietly without them, but need for more forceful inhalation/exhalation

origin

inferior surface of each rib starting with rib 1

insertion

superior surface of the rib directly below

innervation

12 thoracic nerves

external intercostal muscles

their fibers run downwards and forwards and act to lift the ribs during inspiration

brevis portion

12 pairs of muscles

-origin: transverse

-insertion: fibers course obliquely down and out, insert into rib below

transverse abdominis muscle

wraps around from the abdomen to the back

lavatories costarum muscles

helps to elevate the ribs during respiration

quadrates lumborum muscle

helps maintain erect posture; flexes the spine laterally

serratus posterior superior muscle

acts to pull the upper ribs up during breathing in

sternocleidomastoid

accessory muscle of the neck; used for inhalation

-paired, can be contracted separately or together

separate contraction

head rotates toward side of contraction

contracted together

sternum and rib cage are elevated

innervation

brachial plexus

subclavius

courses under the clavicle

-may elevate rib 1 for inspiration

levator scapulae

elevates the scapula; provides neck support

rhomboideus major and minor

provides stability to the upper body/shoulders for speech

trapezius

very large, makes up the superficial upper back and neck

-contraction creates elongation of the neck; helps head control

contraction depends on….

length-tension relationship of the muscle

amount of contraction at rest=

muscle tone

muscle fatigue

muscle can contract for period of time, but after prolonged will need to refuel

muscle architecture

refers to how muscle fibers line up to each other

parallel muscle

fascicule runs the length of the muscle

radiate/ convergent muscles

fibers that are arranged when u have them converged upon 1 location

-looks like a fan shaped muscle

-less range of motion, more power than parallel

pennate muscle

when muscle fibers converge onto a tendon

muscle action

what the muscle does

muscle origin

the fixed attach

-proximal attachment

muscle insertion

structure being acted upon

-distal attachment

flexion

muscle “curling up”

extension

stretching muscle to greatest length

rotation

move a structure either toward or away from midline

pronation

palm of hands face down or backwards

supination

palm faced upward or forward

eversion

sole of foot turned outward

inversion

sole of foot turned inward

opposition

thumb is rolled into hand to grab something

circumduction

structure goes in circular motion

-rolling eyes

motor unit

refers to structure of the cell that is responsible to communicate info to muscle fibers

motor neurons

the cell

axon

long structure that comes from cell

axon fibrils

little fibers on axon that travel to become muscle fibers

nervous tissue

tissue consisting of neurons or nerve cells transmits info to muscle

nervous tissue conductivity

ability to channel excitement in certain direction

polarization

no cell excitement, neuron is “at rest”

depolarization

chemical action causes the cells to fire

excitatory

causes the body to act

inhibitory

keeps the body from acting when action is unwanted

bipolar neurons

usually found in organs of hearing, smell, vision, balance, taste

multipolar neurons

refers to communication

-found in brain and spinal cord

organs

collection of tissues that perform a specific function

skeletal system

provides structure to body to produce signals

muscular system

enables movement

nervous system

conveys stimuli to and from brain