WHAP UNIT 8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power Structures

Global Resistance to Established Power Structures

• 1968 = Year of the Revolt

  • North Ireland + Yugoslavia + PLN + BRA + JPN

• Western Rising Edu: Protests, civil rights, workers, women, anti-war

• Terrorism: Violence for political means w/o gov. affiliation

West Europe

- North Ireland: Still apart of UK = 1968 Protests against Catholic persecution / religious tensions

• Irish Republican Army: Catholics

• Ulster Defense Association: Protestants

- France: 1968 Student protest → police kill → largest FRN strike

- Spain - Basque Homeland & Freedom (ETA): Kill Franco’s successor to promote independence for the Basque Country

USA

- Martin Luther King Jr: African American civil rights activist

• Civil Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin ( !!! desegregated schools)

  • Boycotts: segregated public buses

  • Marches: Washington for Jobs & Freedom

- Kent State University: Ohio National Guard kills 4 unarmed antiwar students → colleges strike

- White Nationalism: Against Black ppl, Jews, Muslims + bombed federal building

-Military-Industrial Complex: Fear & economic pressure → strong military → ppl depended on jobs → hard to cut spending

USSR

Satellite Gov Reforms = USSR Disintegrates

• PLN: Wldayslaw Gomulka loyal to USSR but ended collective agriculture & heard demands for living conditions

  • 1968 Religious protests

• Hungary: Imre Nagy convinced to withdraw USSR troops + Non-aligned + free elections + non-communist parties → executed & refugees

• Czechoslovakia: 1968 Prague Spring under Alexander Dubcek increased freedom of speech + press + travel = crushed

  • Brezhnev Doctrine: Eastern bloc will intervene for threatened socialist states

• Yugoslavia: 1968 Student march

Africa

- Nelson Mandela: anti-apartheid revolutionary and the first Black president of South Africa

• peaceful → violent

- Uganda: USSR-backed Idi Amin = Military dictator against human rights + ethnic tensions (Indians) + economic instability

• Exiled by nationalists & Tanzanian troops

East Asia

Japan: 1968 protest against US aid in Vietnam War

Latin America

- Brazil: 1968 March for public edu. & workers’ rights

- Peru: Abimael Guzman est. org. Shining Path after Mao & Khmer → bombings + assassinations + communism → defeated 2011 but thousands killed

SWANA

Islamic Terrorism

• Boko Haram: West Africa

• al-Shabaab: East Africa

• Iraq

• The Levant (ISIL)

• Taliban: Afghanistan

• al-Quaeda: 9/11

  • Attacks on Europe/USA