Biomed: Test #1 Notes - Body Planes, Cells, and Tissues (Video Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering body planes, plasma membrane structure, diffusion/osmosis, transport, tissues, skin anatomy, connective tissue, and organelles.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

Transverse (Cross-sectional) Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the structure.

Inferior

Toward the feet or lower part of the structure.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Dorsal

Relating to the back; the posterior side.

Ventral

Relating to the belly; the anterior side.

Plasma Membrane

The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, separating interior from exterior and regulating exchange.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids forming the basic structure of the plasma membrane.

Hydrophilic Head

The water-loving, polar region of a phospholipid facing aqueous environments.

Hydrophobic Tail

The water-fearing, nonpolar region of a phospholipid oriented away from water.

Cytoplasm

The material inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus; contains cytosol and organelles.

Peripheral Protein

Proteins attached to the membrane surface, not embedded within the bilayer.

Glycoprotein

A protein with carbohydrate groups attached, involved in cell recognition and signaling.

Glycolipid

A lipid with carbohydrate groups attached, involved in cell recognition.

Protoplasm

The living contents of a cell, including cytoplasm and nucleus.

Nucleoplasm

The semi-fluid substance inside the cell nucleus, surrounding the nucleolus.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The molecule that carries genetic information and provides instructions for growth and function.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The cell's energy currency; produced from nutrients and used for cellular work.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

A lower-energy molecule formed when ATP loses a phosphate group.

Adenine

A nitrogenous base in DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Ribose

A five-carbon sugar component of RNA and ATP.

Phosphate

An inorganic group in ATP; removing a phosphate releases energy.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration due to kinetic energy.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane via aquaporins.

Semipermeable Membrane

A membrane that allows some substances to pass while blocking others.

Aquaporin

Water channel proteins in cell membranes.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure generated when water moves by osmosis across a membrane.

Hypertonic

Solution with higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to leave.

Hypotonic

Solution with lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to enter.

Isotonic

Solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside; no net water movement.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement of substances across a membrane, often against a gradient.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without energy input.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport that uses carrier or channel proteins to move substances down a gradient.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Tight Junction

A junction that seals neighboring cells together to prevent paracellular passage.

Adherens Junction

A junction that provides strong mechanical attachment between cells.

Gap Junction

A channel between neighboring cells allowing ions and small molecules to pass.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular.

Stratum Basale

Deepest epidermal layer where new skin cells form.

Stratum Spinosum

Epidermal layer providing strength and flexibility to skin.

Stratum Granulosum

Epidermal layer with granules that contribute to waterproofing.

Stratum Lucidum

Clear epidermal layer found only in thick skin; provides extra protection.

Stratum Corneum

Outermost epidermal layer of dead cells that protect underlying layers.

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Epidermis type composed of keratin-filled cells.

Dermis

The inner, thicker skin layer made of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

Papillary Layer

Superficial dermal layer with dermal papillae and small vessels.

Reticular Layer

Deeper dermal layer with dense network of collagen fibers.

Basement Membrane

Thin layer separating epidermis from dermis.

Dermal Papillae

Conical projections of dermis that extend into the epidermis.

Ground Substance

Gel-like material in connective tissue around cells.

Subcutaneous Fat (Hypodermis)

Layer beneath the dermis containing adipose tissue.

Epidermis Avascular

Epidermis lacks its own blood vessels; nutrients diffuse from the dermis.

Langerhans Cells

Immune cells in the epidermis that capture and present antigens.

Pruritus

Itching sensation.

Tonicity

Relative concentration of solutes in solutions affecting water movement.

Cytoplasm

The material inside the cell membrane excluding the nucleus.

Nucleolus

RNA synthesis center within the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membranous network; rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; smooth ER makes lipids.

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material and the cell's control center.

Mitochondrion

Organelle producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Ribosome

Ribonucleoprotein particles that synthesize proteins; can be free or attached to the ER.

Cell Membrane

Another term for the plasma membrane.